超级居群：连接生境多样性和生物多样性之桥

在达尔文（1859）看来,新物种只有通过竞争或者自然选择的方式淘汰原有物种才能进入由其他物种占据的生境并成功定居下来。然而,新物种进入生境并成功定居还有另外一个途径,那就是由于超级居群能在全球尺度上改变整个地球环境,从而能在原有环境中创造出一些全新的微环境来,正是这些全新的微环境使新物种避开了和原有定居者的剧烈竞争,很容易地进入了一直由其他物种占据的生境中并成功地定居下来。换句话说,超级居群导致了全球环境的分化,导致了全球尺度上的生境多样性。同时,超级居群通过环境的异质化为新物种准备好了很多全新的微环境,新物种在全新的微环境中的成功定居实现了新物种和原有定居者的长期共存。而这种长期共存导致了整个生物圈的生物多样性的增加。超级居群是地球上很多新环境的创造者,是生境多样性和生物多样性之间的桥梁,据此就能很容易地解释新物种为什么不时能和原有定居者共存甚至依赖于原有定居者,从而导致二者间剧烈竞争缺失的现象。     

Culturing freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera: a breakthrough in the conservation of an endangered species

• 1. The freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera L. is globally endangered and is threatened by commercial exploitation, pollution and habitat loss throughout its range. Captive breeding would be a valuable tool in enhancing the status of M. margaritifera in the UK.
• 2. We have developed a semi‐natural system for successfully infecting juvenile brown trout with glochidial M. margaritifera, and culturing juvenile mussels in experimental tanks where glochidial M. margaritifera can excyst from fish gills and settle into sediment.
• 3. Infected fish had less than 1% mortality. Levels of infection varied among fish. Two yearly cohorts of juvenile M. margaritifera were identified from samples of sediment taken from each experimental tank. Individuals range in size from 1.4 mm (2000 cohort) to >3 mm in length (1999 cohort).
• 4. The number of juvenile M. margaritifera present in the two experimental tanks are estimated to be between 3600 (tank A) and 0 (tank B) for the putative 1999 cohort and between 6000 (tank A) and 13 000 (tank B) for the putative 2000 cohort.
• 5. This pioneering method for large‐scale cultivation of juvenile M. margaritifera is intermediate between the release of infected fish into rivers and the intensive cultivation systems developed in continental Europe and the USA for other species of unionid. This is the first time that large numbers of M. margaritifera have been cultured and represents a significant breakthrough in the conservation of this globally endangered Red Data List species. The method is straightforward and is most cost‐effective when undertaken alongside established hatchery processes.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水稻脱粒破碎率与脱粒元件速度关系研究

脱粒元件的冲击是水稻脱粒谷粒损伤的主要原因。该文基于碰撞理论和能量平衡原理对单个、多个谷粒和脱粒元件的碰撞过程进行了理论分析。建立了圆形截面脱粒元件线速度和脱粒破碎率之间的数学模型。在自制的脱粒分离性能试验台上对水稻进行了脱粒性能试验,通过试验确定了数学模型中的待定系数,验证了数学模型的正确性。为脱粒装置的设计、优化提供了理论依据。     

罗平万峰山市级自然保护区保护价值评价

万峰山自然保护区地处地貌发育典型的喀斯特地区,是我国滇东喀斯特山地森林的重要组成部分,也是滇东地区重要的物种基因库。本文在对保护区内现有野生动植物资源进行分析的基础上,从典型性、稀有性、脆弱性、多样性、感染力、面积适宜性、潜在价值、科研价值等方面对保护区的保护价值进行了综合评价分析,认为保护区形成了具有代表性的喀斯特山地森林生态系统,区内的森林生态系统对保护喀斯特地区极其脆弱的生态环境及保护生物多样性具有十分重要的意义。     

水土保持林草措施生态服务功能价值化研究

水土保持林草措施具有诸多的生态功能,具体表现为对水源、土壤、固碳、净化、固沙、生物多样性发挥的积极作用.通过对2013年至2015年数据估算得出,我国水土保持林草措施所产生的生态服务功能价值为8318.79亿元.其中,保持与改良土壤价值占比最高.     

陕西蔬果电动作业农机发展思考

陕西省果蔬种植面积较大,果蔬作物多样,但大多数是家庭或小农场种植模式,但南北地形地貌差异较大,传统大型机械作业不便且费用较高,通过适度规模的宜机化改造后,中小型马力的动农机可完全适用小区域化果蔬园,在山丘区果园及设施种植环境下中小型电动农机就有很大的发展前景,并且中小型电动农机具在提质增效、智能化提升及节能减排方面也有较为广阔的发展空间。     

区域LUCC的土壤侵蚀响应研究——以榆林市为例

借助3S技术,采用美国通用的水土流失方程(USLE),对榆林市1987,1999年和2002年的土壤水力侵蚀、生态系统土壤保持情况进行测算,在此基础上,基于G IS平台按不同区域对测算结果进行汇总。研究表明:单位面积各类生态系统保土功能排序是园地>林地>灌木林地>草地。降雨的年际变化和地形的空间差异是单位面积生态系统土壤保持量年际变化和空间差异的主导因素。1987,1999,2002年全市各类生态系统土壤保持总量分别是2.22×108t,1.96×108t和2.07×108t。研究期间(1987-2002年),全市生态系统土壤保持效率不断提高,但存在空间差异:1987,1999年南6县生态系统土壤保持总量、保持效率显著高于北6县,而2002年北6县略高于南6县;且整个研究期间北6县生态系统土壤保持效率提高显著,而南6县变化小且2002年略有下降;相对于北6县而言,南6县实际对进一步提高土壤保持效率的制约较大。     

Implications of on-farm research for local knowledge related to fruit flies and the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda in mango production

We interviewed half of the mango-growers in northern Benin, including 15 farmers involved in a regional fruit fly project, and held focus group discussions with women fruit-pickers. They were asked about pest management and their knowledge of a weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda. All considered low yields due to fruit flies to be the principal constraint upon mango production, estimating economic losses to be between 20 and 45%. None could recognize damage during the first 2 days after fruit fly egg deposition. On-farm research persuaded farmers to stop using insecticides and it also changed negative perceptions of Oecophylla. Over 80% of the farmers involved in on-farm research, compared to 25% of those not involved, reported Oecophylla to be beneficial. All fruit-pickers knew that ants protected mango from fruit flies, with 60% attributing better mango quality in terms of appearance, shelf-life and sweetness to the presence of Oecophylla. Nevertheless, 40% of the pickers still considered weaver ants a nuisance pest during harvest. Ways of reducing this nuisance need to be developed for Oecophylla to gain wider acceptance by mango-growers.     

海南坡鹿迁地保护现状与建议

迁地保护的海南坡鹿种群可以分为野放、半野放和圈养等3种主要类型。野放种群个体数量最多，约占迁地保护种群个体总数的55．3％；其次为半野放种群，其个体数量占35．6％；圈养种群个体数量最少，只占9．1％。半野放是一种较为稳妥的坡鹿种群恢复方式。在海南坡鹿的迁地保护中，应该增加半野放种群个体数量。本文就海南坡鹿的迁地保护提出了7点保护管理及科学研究建议。     

论生物多样性与建设海南国际旅游岛的关系

经过多年的研究和实践,人们已深刻地认识到,海南省的发展战略应该积极发展服务型、开放型和生态型经济,形成以旅游业为龙头、以现代服务业为主导的特色经济结构。显然要实现这个宏伟的目标,生物多样性的保护和持续利用就是最根本和最关键的问题。如果作为生态旅游基本资源的季节性雨林、红树林、海洋生物资源和农业生物多样性被毁,一切都将是一纸空文。本文就拟简略地探讨一下有关这些方面的问题,并提出一些建议供有关方面参考。