卵孢白僵菌感染草地蛴螬的研究

从湖南南山牧场草地上自然罹病的蛴螬虫体上分离出一株卵孢白僵菌。在室内和野外人工草地进行蛴螬活虫感染试验，结果表明，在室内用卵孢白僵菌孢子液感染蛴螬活虫，30天内蛴螬感染率达64．6─92．1％；野外草地试验，用卵孢白僵菌制成菌剂拌少量细土撤于地表，20天内，蛴螬感染率为70％以上。     

维生素对白僵菌生长和液生分生孢子形成的影响

对球孢白僵菌在不同维生素为生长辅助因子的液体培养基中菌丝生长和液生分生孢子的形成进行研究。结果表明,不同维生素对球孢白僵菌的生长及液生分生孢子的形成影响极显著。在培养液中添加适宜的维生素能有效地刺激液生分生孢子的形成,VB6+VB1+VB2或复合维生素B能使球孢白僵菌获得较高的液生分生孢子产量,产孢量分别高达5.03×1011个·L-1和5.12×1011个·L-1。同时试验还表明,液生分生孢子的产量与维生素组合有关,复杂的维生素组合比单一的维生素更有利于液生分生孢子的形成。     

宿主湿度环境对球孢白僵菌致病力的影响

【目的】研究宿主湿度环境对球孢白僵菌致病力的影响,为采取适当防治措施以减少白僵病对蚕茧生产的危害提供参考依据。【方法】以广西象州蚕区球孢白僵菌感染家蚕获得的白僵病蚕尸体,观察不同湿度环境中白僵病蚕尸体形态的变化情况,并每隔15d进行一次分生孢子致病力测试。【结果】在25℃下的3种湿度环境（60%RH、75%RH和90%RH）中,白僵病蚕尸体在同一宿存时间内,球孢白僵菌活力与宿存湿度关系密切,在60%RH中宿存的蚕体保存较完好,60d后仍然可见淡黄白色的分生孢子,尸体质硬;随湿度增加,宿存病原活力逐渐降低。3种湿度条件下球孢白僵菌在2龄病蚕尸体中宿存30d内,对家蚕仍有很强的致病性,其半致死时间（LT50）分别为2.915、3.071和5.222d;在60%~75%RH条件下,宿存45~60d的球孢白僵菌对家蚕仍具有一定的致病力;而在90%RH条件下,宿存45d后球孢白僵菌分生孢子数量急剧下降,无法测定其致病力。【结论】球孢白僵菌在病蚕体中宿存60d内对家蚕的致死率仍然很高,因此及时清除病蚕尸体并使尸体病原性灭活,可降低白僵菌的二次感染。     

Biological response of chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), to various regimes of chemical and biorational insecticides

The chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis (Hood) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a new invasive pest in the USA, is an economically important pest of certain vegetable, ornamental and fruit crops in southern and eastern Asia, Oceania and parts of Africa. These crops cannot be protected from the pest without resorting to the use of chemical insecticides. In order to forestall or delay the development of insecticide resistance in S. dorsalis, we continued our focus on the discovery of insecticides with different modes of action for rotational use. In this study we evaluated candidate insecticides to control S. dorsalis on ‘Jalapeno’ pepper, Capsicum annuum L.; these materials belong to different IRAC mode of action classes as follows: (i) 4A – neonicotinoids, i.e., imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran, (ii) 5 – spinosyns, i.e., spinosad and spinetoram, (iii) 3A – pyrethroids, i.e., β-cyfluthrin, esfenvalerate, ζ-cypermethrin and λ-cyhalothrin and (iv) 8D – borax mixed together with orange oil and detergents in the TriCon^® formulation. In addition we evaluated the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Botanigard^®) alone and in combination with the borax formulation at ½ of their usual rates of application. Each of the 3 neonicotinoid insecticides when applied either as a single foliar spray or as a soil drench significantly suppressed both adults and larvae for at least 10 days; indeed imidacloprid did so for 15 days. Dinotefuran was more effective as a foliar spray than as a soil drench. Spinosyns applied as a single foliar spray, significantly suppressed both adults and larvae through 15 days after treatment (DAT). None of the 4 pyrethroids provided significant suppression of either adults or larvae. The borax formulation suppressed adults and larvae through 10 DAT. B. bassiana significantly suppressed only the larvae at 5 DAT and not at 10 DAT. This study brings the number of insecticides known to be effective against S. dorsalis to 10 and these belong to 7 different modes of action classes. The use of such insecticides in rotation belonging to different classes will help delay the development of insecticide resistance in S. dorsalis.     

10种白僵菌菌株发酵液对植物线虫和昆虫病原线虫的生物活性

为了获得高效的杀线虫生防菌资源,以山药短体线虫(Pralylenchus sp.)、黄瓜根结线虫(Meloidogyne sp.)为靶标,对10种白僵菌菌株发酵液的杀线虫活性进行测定,同时测定了白僵菌菌株发酵液对昆虫病原线虫小卷蛾斯氏线虫(Steinernema carpocapsae All)的生物活性。结果表明,菌株BD-B173、BD-B180、BD-B061-3和BD-B315对山药短体线虫具有高毒力,24 h校正死亡率分别为97.20%、96.50%、91.16%、90.32%;48 h校正死亡率分别为97.30%、97.67%、92.45%、94.40%。菌株BD-B061-3、BD-B198、BD-B118和BD-B173对黄瓜根结线虫具有高毒力,24 h校正死亡率分别为97.47%、91.65%、81.37%、68.92%;48 h校正死亡率分别为98.73%、95.27%、87.53%、96.53%。10种白僵菌菌株发酵液对小卷蛾斯氏线虫24 h及48 h的校正死亡率均不超过10%。说明10种白僵菌菌株发酵液对2种植物线虫的杀虫活性具有特异性,且对昆虫病原线虫小卷蛾斯氏线虫的毒力均较弱。     

球孢白僵菌不同施用方式对玉米促生作用的研究

采用土壤施用和叶面喷施2种方式将球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)菌株Bb202接种至玉米,研究不同接种方式及处理浓度对玉米生长的影响。结果表明,2种喷施方式对玉米苗均存在促生作用,且这种促生作用与孢子接种浓度密切相关。在叶面喷施处理中,白僵菌仅对玉米地上部分生长指标有促进作用,而对玉米苗的根长无显著影响;其中1.0×10~4孢子/m L处理组对玉米苗的促生效果最佳,其株高、叶长、叶宽、鲜重指标比蒸馏水对照组分别高出7.47%、15.42%、25.70%和16.85%。在土壤喷施处理中,白僵菌对玉米苗地上与地下部分均有显著促生作用;其中1.0×106孢子/m L和1.0×10~8孢子/m L处理组,玉米株高、叶长、根长、生物量指标较蒸馏水对照组分别提高了28.66%和29.59%、30.66%和37.85%、43.08%和33.60%、28.35%和32.55%。从对玉米苗的促生作用来看,用1.0×106孢子/m L的白僵菌悬浮液处理土壤,可以取得最经济、最显著的促生效果。     

白僵菌孢子粉工业化生产工艺技术研究

本文对利用载体进行砖式半固体开放培养法机械化生产白僵菌孢子粉和液体深层发酵的工艺中有关技术问题作了多方面试验研究,结果表明:1％麦皮+1.5％黄豆粉+0.5％玉米粉和1％麦皮+1.5％黄豆粉+1％玉米粉是理想液体培养基配方,平均产孢量分别达9.16亿/ml和8.51亿/ml,比土法生产常用5％麦皮浸出液提高1.65—1.85倍。筛选出C号半固体发酵培养基配方,平均产孢量达890.7亿/g,比常规土法生产提高7.91倍;选择出半固体发酵培养的理想载体R质粒;筛选出培养基、载体、接种量优化组合配比为1:3:6;载体平铺厚度以6cm为宜,其产孢量为125.7亿/cm~2,比4cm、2cm厚的分别提高0.86和3.1倍;不同菌龄菌液接种与固体发酵培养产孢量关系,以菌丝状态接种(含孢量806.2亿/g)比节孢子状态接种(含孢量573.1亿/g)提高41％;半固体发酵以13—15天为宜。     

PGPR and entomopathogenic fungus bioformulation for the synchronous management of leaffolder pest and sheath blight disease of rice

BACKGROUND: The biological control of plant pests and diseases using a single organism has been reported to give inconsistent and poor performance. To improve the efficacy, bioformulations were developed possessing mixtures of bioagents. RESULTS: Bioformulations combining Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula strains Pf1 and AH1 and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill. isolate B2 were developed and tested for their efficacy against leaffolder pest and sheath blight disease on rice under glasshouse and field conditions. The combination of Pf1, AH1 and B2 effectively reduced the incidence of leaffolder insect and sheath blight disease on rice compared with other treatments. An in vitro assay of leaffolder preference to rice leaf tissues treated with Pf1 + AH1 + B2 biformulation showed variation from normal growth and development of leaffolder larvae. Plants treated with the Pf1 + AH1 + B2 combination showed a greater accumulation of enzymes, lipoxygenase and chitinase activity against leaffolder insect compared with other treatments. Similarly, the plants showed a higher accumulation of defence enzymes, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity against sheath blight pathogen in Pf1 + AH1 + B2 treatment compared with the untreated control. The bioformulation mixture attracted the natural enemy population of leaffolder under field conditions. In addition, a significant increase in rice grain yield was observed in Pf1 + AH1 + B2 treatment compared with the untreated control. CONCLUSION: The combination of P. fluorescens strains and B. bassiana isolate effectively reduced the incidence of leaffolder insect and sheath blight disease on rice plants and showed the possibility of controlling both pest and disease using a single bioformulation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry