布氏白僵菌的研究与应用

对７０年代以来布氏白僵菌的生物学、致病性、生理生化特性等基因研究以及该菌的规模征税和田间防治应用地综述。目前已发现该菌能寄生７个目的７０种昆虫,特别对鞘翅目害虫具有独特寄生效果,已在林区、农田、草地、果园中用于防治各种金龟子和天牛。在法国、瑞士等地,用布氏白僵菌连续多年防治林区的西方五月鳃金龟,取得了令人瞩目的防治效果和生态效果,日本用该菌防治杉树天牛、我国用该菌防治农田及苗圃蛴螬都取得明显成效。     

三种微生物杀虫油烟剂成烟后菌体活性的测定

本研究通过电子显微镜扫描和菌体活性测定三种微生物杀虫油烟剂成烟后菌体的活性,结果表明:使用烟雾机分别施放白僵菌、苏云金杆菌和松毛虫质型多角体病毒三种微生物杀虫油烟剂,其成烟后,三种菌体能保持原来的形态和活性,白僵菌孢子能正常萌发,苏云金杆菌芽孢在营养琼脂上能形成晶体,松毛虫质型多角体病毒能有效地感染松毛虫,为进一步研究常规和应急防治松毛虫的简单易行、高效的使用方法提供技术依据。     

白僵菌对西花蓟马若虫的致病力和对巴氏钝绥螨的影响

本文测定了5株球孢白僵菌Beauveriabassiana对西花蓟马Frankliniellaoccidentalis1龄若虫的致病力,获得3株毒力较高的菌株：TL．7、sz．15和RSB,在1×10^8孢子．mL^-1浓度下的西花蓟马l龄若虫死亡率分别为90．8％、92．5％和100％;结合测定的致死时间与致死浓度,得出菌株RSB为最优菌株（LT50为2．383d,LC50为1．53X10’孢子．mL^-1）。以西花蓟马1龄若虫为猎物,测定菌株RSB对其天敌巴氏钝绥螨Amblyseiusbarkeri的影响。结果表明：用菌株RSB（1×10’孢子．mL^-1）处理的巴氏钝绥螨可发育为成螨;发育历期、雌成螨寿命和平均每雌每天产卵量分别为5．9d、33．850d和1．78粒,与对照均差异不显著,说明西花蓟马的高效白僵菌菌株RSB对其天敌巴氏钝绥螨不存在显著的负面影响。本文结果表明白僵菌可在田间与巴氏钝绥螨协同控制重大外来入侵害虫西花蓟马。     

灭幼脲Ⅰ号防治松毛虫的研究——(Ⅲ)对有益生物的影响

本文研究了灭幼脲Ⅰ号对油松毛虫室内毒力测定,以及对寄生天敌的影响。在林间用灭幼脲Ⅰ号低容量和超低容量喷雾大面积防治油(赤)松毛虫,并用灭幼脲Ⅰ号对鹌鹑作了毒性试验。结果证明:在林间大面积防治松毛虫后,除对中华草蛉幼虫有影响外,对其他寄生性天敌——松毛虫狭颊寄蝇、黑足凹眼姬蜂无不良影响。对异色瓢虫、蠋蝽等捕食性昆虫亦无不良影响。对白僵菌、粉拟青霉菌在常规使用浓度下无抑菌作用。对鹌鹑也是安全的。因此,灭幼脲Ⅰ号在松毛虫的综合治理中值得推荐。     

Biology and integrated pest management for the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) is the most important insect pest of bananas and plantains (Musa spp.). The larvae bore in the corm, reducing nutrient uptake and weakening the stability of the plant. Attack in newly planted banana stands can lead to crop failure. In established fields, weevil damage can result in reduced bunch weights, mat die-out and shortened stand life. Damage and yield losses tend to increase with time. This paper reviews the research on the taxonomy, distribution, biology, pest status, sampling methods, and integrated pest management (IPM) of banana weevil. Salient features of the weevil's biology include nocturnal activity, long life span, limited mobility, low fecundity, and slow population growth. The adults are free living and most often associated with banana mats and cut residues. They are attracted to their hosts by volatiles, especially following damage to the plant corm. Males produce an aggregation pheromone that is attractive to both sexes. Eggs are laid in the corm or lower pseudostem. The immature stages are all passed within the host plant, mostly in the corm. The weevil's biology creates sampling problems and makes its control difficult. Most commonly, weevils are monitored by trapping adults, mark and recapture methods and damage assessment to harvested or dead plants. Weevil pest status and control options reflect the type of banana being grown and the production system. Plantains and highland bananas are more susceptible to the weevil than dessert or brewing bananas. Banana production systems range from kitchen gardens and small, low-input stands to large-scale export plantations. IPM options for banana weevils include habitat management (cultural controls), biological control, host plant resistance, botanicals, and (in some cases) chemical control. Cultural controls have been widely recommended but data demonstrating their efficacy are limited. The most important are clean planting material in new stands, crop sanitation (especially destruction of residues), agronomic methods to improve plant vigour and tolerance to weevil attack and, possibly, trapping. Tissue culture plantlets, where available, assure the farmer with weevil-free material. Suckers may be cleaned by paring, hot water treatment and/or the applications of entomopathogens, neem, or pesticides. None of these methods assure elimination of weevils. Adult weevils may also invade from nearby plantations. As a result, the benefits of clean planting material may be limited to a few crop cycles. Field surveys suggest that reduced weevil populations may be associated with high levels of crop sanitation, yet definitive studies on residue management and weevil pest status are wanting. Trapping of adult weevils with pseudostem or corm traps can reduce weevil populations, but material and labour requirements may be beyond the resources of many farmers. The use of enhanced trapping with pheromones and kairomones is currently under study. A combination of clean planting material, sanitation, and trapping is likely to provide at least partial control of banana weevil.Classical biological control of banana weevil, using natural enemies from Asia, has so far been unsuccessful. Most known arthropod natural enemies are opportunistic, generalist predators with limited efficacy. Myrmicine ants have been reported to help control the weevil in Cuba, but their effects elsewhere are unknown. Microbial control, using entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes tend to be more promising. Effective strains of microbial agents are known but economic mass production and delivery systems need further development.     

白僵菌菌株退化的酯酶同工酶比较分析

白僵菌是桑天牛的生物防治菌种之一。为探究白僵菌菌种退化的遗传机理,以便利用生物工程技术控制菌种退化、提高其生物防治效率,采用酯酶同工酶技术分析各代白僵菌株在蛋白质水平的变异情况,结果表明:球孢白僵菌酯酶同工酶酶谱共出现2~7条酶带,随着传代次数的增加,其主要酶带一直存在且酶谱类型未变,但酶的活性在不断减弱,尤其是几条主要酶带(A、B、E、C)的活性变化更为明显;从聚类图中各菌株排列次序来看,各代菌株按照传代顺序排列,与第1代菌株比较,继代次数越多其间的类间距越大,变异越大,相似度越低,表现出一定的遗传多样性,严重影响其杀虫效果,说明酯酶同工酶技术可以在一定程度上反映白僵菌菌株的退化。     

桑天牛幼虫感染球孢白僵菌后蛋白质和氨基酸含量的变化

桑天牛现称桑粒肩天牛(Apriona germari),是多种林木、果树、花卉的重要蛀干害虫,也是我国危害最严重、最难防治的害虫之一。近年来,其猖獗危害已成为我国养蚕业、林业及果树种植业等经济发展的严重障碍。球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)是一类广谱性昆虫病原真菌,能侵染15目149科的700     

3株泰山虫草无性型的分子生物学研究

[目的]研究3株泰山虫草无性型的分子生物学特性。[方法]以野生泰山虫草子实体分离出的3个菌株为材料,通过对rDNAITS区的扩增、克隆和测序来鉴定虫草的无性型。[结果]3个菌株不是同1种,COA1为蛹草拟青霉,COA2为球孢白僵菌,COA3为细脚棒束孢,由此推断泰山虫草只是以地理位置得名。[结论]研究了3株泰山虫草无性型的分子生物学特性。     

白僵菌冬季防治松毛虫试验

白僵菌冬季防治松毛虫，能使松毛虫在林分中带菌越冬。次年春季，松毛虫白僵病流行早，防治效果好，而且对松林有显著的保护作用。白僵菌可采用油剂、乳剂、水剂和粉剂防治，施菌量以１７．１─１８万亿个孢子／ｈｍ２为宜。     

提高白僵菌培养基透气性的试验

本文从影响白僵菌生长发育的环境条件着手，开展此项试验研究。通过改善和提高培养基透气性来促进菌丝、孢子的生长发育和增殖，并在此基础上调整培养基的原料添加比例，从而达到增加孢子数量、降低生产成本、提高生产效益的目的。经３年来的试验和探讨，该方法在生产上进行大小批量投产均获得成功。