Benthic microbial indicators of fish farm impact in a coastal area of the Tyrrhenian Sea

We studied the impact of organic loads due to the biodeposition of a fish farm in a non-impacted coastal area of the Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean). Sediment chemistry and benthic microbial community were investigated from July 1997 to February 1998 on monthly basis at two stations: one was located under the fish farm, while the second was about 1 km away, and served as a reference site. The presence of the cage induced rapid changes in the benthic conditions: the sediments were rapidly (after 6 weeks) reduced. A significant accumulation of biopolymeric carbon was observed beneath the cage both 2 weeks after the initial cage deployment, on non-impacted sediments, and 5–7 months after, and appeared to be related to the fish farm production cycle. The density of microbial communities beneath the fish farm increased only during the first month of farming activity (July) and partially 7 months after cage disposal (i.e. in January), when there was a significant sediment organic enrichment. Additional evidence of rapid impact of the fish farm on the benthic bacterial communities is provided by the increase in the numbers of autofluorescent microbial cells. The photosynthetic eukaryotic cells displayed a highly reduced contribution to total autofluorescent microbial density, indicating that their decrease is related with biopolymeric carbon accumulation, and probably was due also to “shadow effect” induced by suspended material, coming from the fish farm, on the environment below. We propose here, to apply the ratio of culturable heterotrophic bacteria to microbial direct counts (CFU/MDC) to detect fish farm impact. In cage sediments, organic enrichment and the consequent modification of the characteristics of the benthic environment, determined an increase in aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and vibrio density indicating that they are efficient colonizers of organic-rich sediments. Densities of Escherichia coli and Enterococci were not significantly higher than in the reference site, and are likely of terrestrial origin. Thus they cannot be used as specific indicators of fish farm impact.     

蛹虫草栽培中几种细菌性病原菌分离与鉴定

利用16S r DNA序列分析的方法,结合细菌形态特征及细菌生理生化鉴定,研究了蛹虫草栽培过程中易导致病害的3种细菌。结果表明,病原菌株E1与Flavobacterium chungangense,E2与Flavobacterium chungangense,E3与Janthinobacterium lividum的进化距离较小,同源性较高,初步确定分别与其同种。这对蛹虫草常见病害的防治研究具有重要的指导意义。     

鱼池不同水层细菌的密度、昼夜波动及其与主要环境因子的关系

鱼池细菌的密度为表层高于底层,表、底层细菌密度的差异以夏季最大,冬季次之,春秋两季最小。各季节池塘表层和底层的细菌密度在24h内均呈现一定程度的波动,但经昼夜波动后又大致回到原来水平。细菌密度与水温、COD、浮游动物生物量呈正相关,与浮游植物生物量无直接相关。     

玉米秸秆深翻还田土壤细菌群落16SrDNA-PCR-DGGE分析

以秸秆深翻还田土壤为研究对象,利用嵌套式PCR和DGGE电泳技术对细菌16SrDNA V3～V5区进行扩增和产物分离,分析3个秸秆深翻处理下春玉米各生育期土壤细菌群落变化,探索高寒灌溉农区春玉米秸秆深翻还田中细菌群落结构特征。结果初步表明,秸秆还田处理细菌多样性高于常规旋耕无秸秆还田处理,这种多样性同时受玉米生育期和不同秸秆还田处理的影响。3个处理相同生育期DGGE条带数有明显的变化,玉米秸秆深翻还田两年处理（SF-II）条带数最多,其次是玉米秸秆深翻还田1年处理（SF-I）,常规旋耕无秸秆还田（CK）最少;在成熟期,SF-II条带数为12,是CK处理的两倍。玉米全生育期一直存在数种优势菌群,但各时期细菌的种类不同,整体表现为随着玉米的生长细菌种类逐渐增加,成熟期减少。秸秆深翻还田能丰富土壤微生物多样性,玉米生长中期土壤微生物多样性较丰富。     

潮土长期不同施氮水平对秸秆降解及其细菌群落结构的影响

农田过量施氮所引发的问题已经引起广泛关注,但长期施氮后土壤无机氮水平状况及其对秸秆降解的作用尚不清楚。本研究以中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站长期（2005～2018年）施氮肥（5个施氮水平：0(N0)、150(N1)、190(N2)、,230(N3)和270 (N4)kg ha-1 yr-1）的潮土为研究对象,开展短期（50天）的秸秆降解-土壤培育实验。培育期间监测秸秆碳的矿化、土壤无机氮（硝态氮和铵态氮）、可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳的动态变化,利用高通量测序测定细菌群落结构。结果表明,长期施氮后,土壤无机氮含量和秸秆碳的矿化率随施氮水平的升高而增加。不同长期施氮水平的土壤细菌群落结构呈现显著差异。网络分析揭示：秸秆降解过程中细菌群落内部物种间的共现模式随长期施氮水平发生改变,具体体现为长期高施氮水平下细菌群落彼此间的负相关得到了加强;同时,变形菌主导地位减弱、酸杆菌主导地位增强。综上,土壤无机氮含量、细菌群落结构及物种之间的关系随着长期施氮水平的不同发生了改变。本研究探究了长期不同施氮水平下土壤中无机氮的水平状况、秸秆降解状况以及秸秆降解过程中土壤细菌的生物特性,以期为秸秆还田和科学施氮提供一定的数据支撑和思路启示。     

天山一号冰川产淀粉酶酵母菌的筛选及其系统发育分析

[目的]筛选并分析天山一号冰川冰层产淀粉酶的低温酵母菌。[方法]对天山一号冰川冰层含冰冻土产低温淀粉酶的低温酵母菌菌株进行筛选、纯化,并对其生理多样性和系统发育多样性进行研究。[结果]从天山一号冰川冰层含冰冻土中分离出60株酵母菌,并从中筛选出6株产低温淀粉酶的菌株,根据细胞菌落形态、菌体特征和26S rDNA D1/D2区域序列系统发育分析,6株菌分别隶属于红酵母属(Rhodotorula)、隐球菌属(Cryptococcus)和掷孢酵母属(Sporobolomyces),最适生长温度为20~24℃,为兼性耐冷细菌。[结论]研究可为了解冰川酵母菌的系统发育多样性以及低温淀粉酶的生物技术研发奠定基础。     

黑龙江省露地西瓜细菌性果斑病病原菌的分离与鉴定

从黑龙江省西瓜主产区分离露地西瓜果斑病病原菌18份,经过致病性测定,其中有8份对西瓜具有致病性。通过培养性状观察、显微形态观察、染色及生理生化测定,证明这8个菌株为燕麦食酸菌西瓜亚种。这8个菌株的寄主范围不尽相同。     

黑龙江省西瓜细菌性果实腐斑病防治技术

近年来黑龙江省西瓜细菌性果实腐斑病发病严重。园艺分院西瓜研究室对黑龙江省西瓜果斑病的发病症状等进行了4年的调查,并进行了西瓜果斑病防治方法的试验示范,示范地块的果斑病发病率在两年内控制在了3％、1％以下,总结了防治方法。     

利用微卫星标记分析马氏珠母贝4个养殖群体遗传结构

2007年4月,从马氏珠母贝基础群体选取2、4、32和158个亲本分别繁殖4个子代群体,分别命名为P1、P2、P3和P4。2009年7月,从这4个子代群体随机取样30个个体,利用7对微卫星引物分析其遗传结构。结果表明,7对微卫星引物共检测到22个等位基因,每个座位的等位基因数目为2~4个,平均等位基因数为3个,平均有效等位基因数为2.3193。P1、P2、P3和P4群体平均观测杂合度分别为0.4737、0.5489、0.6767和0.7143;P1、P2、P3和P4群体平均期望杂合度分别为0.4737、0.5489、0.6767和0.7143;P1、P2、P3和P4群体的多态信息含量分别为0.4472、0.4224、0.4726和0.4930。本结果表明4个养殖群体均具有较高的遗传多样性,而且有效亲本数目对子代遗传结构有较大的影响,这为马氏珠母贝的遗传育种提供依据。     

Investigating the mechanisms for the opposing pH relationships of fungal and bacterial growth in soil

Soil pH is one of the most influential variables in soil, and is a powerful factor in influencing the size, activity and community structure of the soil microbial community. It was previously shown in a century old artificial pH gradient in an arable soil (pH 4.0-8.3) that bacterial growth is positively related to pH, while fungal growth increases with decreasing pH. In an attempt to elucidate some of the mechanisms for this, plant material that especially promotes fungal growth (straw) or bacterial growth (alfalfa) was added to soil samples of the pH gradient in 5-day laboratory incubation experiments. Also, bacterial growth was specifically inhibited by applying a selective bacterial growth inhibitor (bronopol) along the entire pH gradient to investigate if competitive interaction caused the shift in the decomposer community along the gradient. Straw benefited fungal growth relatively more than bacterial, and vice versa for alfalfa. The general pattern of a shift in fungal:bacterial growth with pH was, however, unaffected by substrate additions, indicating that lack of a suitable substrate was not the cause of the pH effect on the microbial community. In response to the bacterial growth inhibition by bronopol, there was stimulation of fungal growth up to pH 7, but not beyond, both for alfalfa and straw addition. However, the accumulation of ergosterol (an indicator of fungal biomass) during the incubation period after adding alfalfa increased at all pHs, indicating that fungal growth had been high at some time during the 5-day incubation following joint addition of alfalfa and bronopol. This was corroborated in a time-series experiment. In conclusion, the low fungal growth at high pH in an arable soil was caused to a large extent by bacterial competition, and not substrate limitation.