大蒜秸秆的热解及其催化剂研究

针对大蒜秸秆难利用的问题,对其进行了热解研究,发现生物质内的无机盐确实可以起到热解催化的作用.同时研究了没有催化剂和有催化剂两种情况下的热解行为,发现无催化剂时大蒜秸秆在500 ～600℃间失重百分比最大,且裂解产油率随着温度升高而增加,在550℃时产油率最高,随后随着温度增加,二次裂解加剧,产油率降低;而在KOH的催化作用下产油率明显增加,产油率几乎增加了15％,但产油率峰值仍在500 ～600℃.并发现KOH促进大蒜秸秆表面皮下细胞及皮下纤维层进行分解是主要的作用.     

膨润土作载体制作饲料防霉剂及防霉效果观察

将膨润土与有机酸及有机酸盐适当配合制作饲料防霉剂。结果表明，普通有机酸复合后的防霉剂对临界水分(14％)时的原料有较好防霉效果，对高水分(16％)原料无防霉作用；用有机酸与有机酸盐复合配制的效果优于普通有机酸防霉剂。在有机酸盐一有机酸复合防霉剂添加量为0、5％和1％时，对高水分原料有较好的防霉效果。     

三种浸种剂对水稻秧苗素质的影响

研究了3种浸种剂对水稻(Oryza sativaL.)秧苗素质的影响,结果表明,恶苗净可湿性粉剂处理组秧苗高度与整齐度适中、分蘖增加、根系发育良好、茎基部变宽,干物质积累多、根冠比增大,从而提高秧苗素质.咪鲜胺乳油处理组秧苗的高度降低、整齐度良好、根冠比大、叶片发育均匀、根系发育较好、干物质积累多.精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂处理组秧苗细长、整齐度差、干物质积累多、叶片发育不均匀.由此可见,恶苗净可湿性粉剂和咪鲜胺乳油是试验表现较好的水稻浸种剂,精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂是否具有大田推广价值还需进一步验证.     

膨大素在大蒜上的应用效果

研究了膨大素在大蒜上的应用效果。结果表明：膨大素处理大蒜可以使蒜薹增产6.1%、蒜头增产16.7%以上,对大蒜的株高和叶片数影响不大。膨大素在大蒜上的应用剂量以165 g/hm^2为宜,最佳使用时期为蒜头膨大初期。     

Biological Seed Treatment of Cereals with Fresh and Long-term Stored Formulations of Clonostachys rosea: Biocontrol Efficacy Against Fusarium culmorum

In six field experiments, seed treatment with Clonostachys rosea (IK726) significantly reduced disease caused by Fusarium culmorum. IK726 was active against the pathogen at average soil temperatures at sowing ranging from 6.2 to 12 °C. Both in the field experiments and in growth chamber experiments conducted in sand, dried and stored conidia of IK726 controlled F. culmorum as effectively as freshly harvested conidia. A high correlation was found between disease index ratings from field experiments and from corresponding growth chamber sand tests. Amendment with the stickers Pelgel or Sepiret did not influence control activity. The effective dosages of IK726 (cfu/seed) were estimated in bioassays and were very similar for freshly harvested conidia and for dried conidia. With a density of > 5×10³ conidia per seed more than 80% disease control was repeatedly obtained with both types of conidia.     

Phytotoxic and antiphytopathogenic compounds from Thai Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. rhizomes

The management of weeds and diseases that are caused by phytopathogenic fungi is important for preventing the loss of agricultural products. The aim of the present study was to identify phytotoxic and antiphytopathogenic agents from the Thai Alpinia galanga rhizome. Extracts of the dried rhizomes of A. galanga (Zingiberaceae) were separated and tested for phytotoxic activity against lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Great Lakes) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Wasefudou) and for antiphytopathogenic activity against Alternaria porri, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora nicotianae. 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate ( 1 ) was identified as one of the main components, together with trans‐p‐coumaryl acetate ( 3 ) and trans‐p‐acetoxycinnamyl acetate ( 2 ). 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate ( 1 ) was solvolyzed with 2% EtOH to yield trans‐p‐coumaryl ethyl ether ( 6 ), trans‐p‐coumaryl acetate ( 3 ) and trans‐p‐coumaryl alcohol ( 5 ). 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate ( 1 ) completely inhibited the root growth of the lettuce seedlings at 50 μg mL^–1, but had a weaker inhibitory effect on the growth of Italian ryegrass. 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate also inhibited the growth of P. nicotianae and A. porri, with minimum inhibition concentration values of 15.6 and 31.5 μg mL^–1, respectively. The plant growth‐inhibitory activity and fungal growth‐inhibitory activity of trans‐p‐coumaryl acetate ( 3 ), trans‐p‐coumaryl ethyl ether, trans‐p‐coumaryl alcohol ( 5 ) and trans‐p‐acetoxycinnamyl acetate ( 2 ) were lower than those of 1′‐acetoxychavicol acetate. A structure–activity relationship suggested that the strong phytotoxic and antiphytopathogenic activity of 1′‐acetoxychavicol acetate relied on the 1′‐acetoxyl group.     

Biological evaluation of neopeptins isolated from a Streptomyces strain

BACKGROUND: Microbial secondary metabolites are a rich source of antifungal agents and have merit as alternatives to synthetic fungicides. To develop disease control agents against powdery mildew, the lipopeptide antibiotic neopeptins were identified from the culture broth of a Streptomyces sp., and in vivo control efficacy of the compounds was evaluated on cucumber plants under glasshouse conditions. RESULTS: The Streptomyces sp. KNF2047 antagonistic against powdery mildew development in cucumber plants was isolated from a soil sample. Antifungal compounds were purified from the culture broth and identified as neopeptin A and B. In vitro microtitre assays revealed the inhibitory activities of the compounds in the range 128-512 microg mL(-1) against the mycelial growth of Alternaria mali, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Colletotrichum lagenarium, Didimella bryoniae and Magnaporthe grisea. Although neither compound showed remarkable in vitro antifungal activity against other plant pathogenic fungi, a mixture of neopeptins (484 mg of neopeptin A and 290 mg of neopeptin B per gram of partially purified powder) showed potent protective and curative activity against cucumber powdery mildew in vivo. The disease control activity of the neopeptins at a concentration of 2.4 mg L(-1) was 92.1%, which was similar to that of the commercial fungicide fenarimol (89.3% at 63 mg L(-1)) and that of the commercial biocontrol agent Actinovate (67.4% at 2 x 10(7) cfu L(-1)). CONCLUSION: Neopeptin mixtures isolated from Streptomyces sp. KNF2047 showed potent disease control activity against powdery mildew development on cucumber plants. .     

Effect of colored shade nets on pepper powdery mildew (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Leveillula taurica</Emphasis>)

The effect of colored shade nets with different shade intensities and qualities of irradiation transmittance on pepper powdery mildew was tested in mini-plots and field experiments. Leaf coverage byLeveillula taurica and leaf shedding due to the disease were more severe in the shade, by up to 275% and 70%, respectively, than in the open field. Leaf coverage byL. taurica symptoms and leaf shedding from plants grown under 25% shade black nets were higher, by up to 70% and 180%, respectively, than under 40% shade nets. The color of the shade nets affected the intensity of photosynthetically active (PAR), ultra-violet (UV), blue, red and far red radiations, the UV/blue light ratio, and percent PAR and UV transmitted. The various nets suppressed the disease differently. Black, blue-silver, green and red nets were associated with lower levels of disease in the field experiments. The red net was also superior in the mini-plots. The other results from the mini-plots were not similar to those from the field, probably reflecting more intensive epidemic development in the mini-plots. No interaction between net type and cultivar was found when two cultivars were grown under the nets. Yield was higher under nets than in the open; nevertheless, the yield from plants grown under the 40% shade black net was not higher than that of the plants under the 25% black net, despite the significantly lower levels of disease at the higher shade intensity. B-quality pepper yield was significantly higher in the plots covered by 25% shade. Yield differences between the different colored nets were also not well correlated with disease levels, probably due to factors negating the direct effect of the nets on the plants and their yield. Implementation of either ‘friendly’ (Ampelomyces quisqualis AQ10/Trichoderma harzianum T39/ sulfur/ neem seed extract) or chemical (sulfur/ pyrifenox/ Polyoxin AL/ myclobutanil/ azoxystrobin) spray regimes successfully reduced disease severity under the different nets. There was no interaction between net type and spray regime. Thus, growing sweet pepper under shade nets results in increased yields and also in higher powdery mildew severity. Disease is negatively associated with the rate of shading and is variably affected by the quality of light filtered through the different colored shade nets. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 8, 2007.