Effects of fruit bagging on coloring and related physiology,and qualities of red Chinese sand pears during fruit maturation

Red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) are particular to China. In order to determine the effects of fruit bagging treatments (including bag types, bag removal patterns and dates) on fruit qualities and to understand the mechanism of coloring of red Chinese sand pears, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ were firstly covered by light-impermeable paper bags with different levels of light permeable liners during their early development stage, then, the whole bag were/not removed or only the outer layer of bags were removed 3, 2 or 1 weeks before harvest. Thus, the fruit were/not totally re-exposed or were under different levels of sunlight transmission (80.31% or 34.71%). Non-bagged fruit were used as the control. Bagging treatments significantly affected the concentration of anthocyanin and the visual qualities of pear fruit. Compared to control, fruit re-exposed totally for 2 or 3 weeks accumulated the largest amount of anthocyanin and fruit receiving 80.31% and 34.71% of sunlight for 1–3 weeks could synthesize a little anthocyanin, indicating that high light intensity is imperative for coloring in red Chinese sand pears. Bagging treatments did not affect contents of total soluble sugars, but decreased organic acids contents in fruit. In the second experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ and ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ were covered with only one type of light-impermeable bag during the early development stage and totally re-exposed after the bag removal 15 days before harvest. Fruit were then collected at different intervals to trace the time-course of coloring, and related physiology and inner qualities. With increasing time after the bag removal, the concentration of chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenols changed little, but the concentration of anthocyanin accumulated extremely fast within 10 days after the bag removal in both cultivars and thereafter kept constant. ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ had higher anthocyanin contents and lower hue angle than ‘Meirensu’, indicating a higher potential of anthocyanin synthesis. After the bag removal, the sucrose contents and PAL activities increased gradually and correlation analysis revealed that they were highly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in two cultivars. This study suggests that anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese sand pears is a highly light dependent process and modified by genotypes. Based on the current results, in order to obtain red Chinese sand pear fruit with attractive appearance and good inner qualities, fruit must be covered with light-impermeable bags at the early stage of fruit development and the bag should be removed totally at least 10 days before harvest.     

稀土对南果梨着色及果实品质的影响

选取6 a生生长势与负载量相似的南果梨树20株,以300×10-6、400×10-65、00×10-6mol/L 3个Lenth浓度喷施(5次重复),每隔5 d采摘树体外围果实,每株3次重复,直至采收期(9月11日),分别测定其相关指标。来研究稀土(Lenth)对南果梨成熟期间花青素、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素以及果实品质的影响。结果表明:Lenth处理有效地促进了南果梨果皮花青素含量,降低了果皮叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,增加了果肉可溶性糖含量及单果重,降低了有机酸含量。Lenth最佳的施用浓度为500×10-6mol/L。     

秋季不同色泽五叶地锦叶片生理生化特性的研究

为明确秋季不同叶色五叶地锦叶片的生理差异,以秋季同一植株上红色、中间色、绿色三种颜色的五叶地锦叶片为试材,测定了叶片中色素物质含量、酶活性以及叶片可溶性内含物的含量,结果表明:在红色叶片中,叶绿素含量较低,PAL、POD酶活性较高,花青素苷/叶绿素的比值较大,从而使R/G的值增大,叶色显现红色;而在绿色叶片中,叶绿素含量较高,PAL、POD酶活性较小,花青紊苷/叶绿素的比值较低,R/G的值降低,叶片显现绿色.通过可溶性内含物测定可知,在红色叶片中的可溶性糖和蛋白质含量相对较高,与花青素苷/叶绿素的比值达到显著相关水平,表明这些内含物的积累有利于花色素苷的合成.     

红肉猕猴桃果实发育期不同果肉部位比较转录组分析

红肉猕猴桃中果皮和内果皮在果实发育不同时期色泽变化模式有显著差异,但目前对于其内在的分子调控机制尚不清楚。本研究中,利用高通量测序技术,对红肉猕猴桃(‘红实2号’)中果皮与内果皮4个不同发育时期(开花后0 d, 28 d, 75 d, 157 d,分别标注为T1时期, T2时期, T3时期, T4时期)的样本进行转录组测序。经去除低质量数据后,得到Clean reads数目为2 192～4 331万,检测到的基因数目为24 607～29 170个。在(log2 Ratio)≥1和FDR<0.05阈值下,中果皮和内果皮在T2、T3、T4时期检测到的差异基因数目分别为1 880个、4 799个、7 346个和4 31个、1 493个、7 700个。KEGG分析显示这些差异表达基因被富集到68个代谢途径,包括DNA复制、RNA转运、蛋白质输出、植物激素信号转导、类黄酮生物合成、花青素合成、淀粉与蔗糖的代谢等。此外我们还鉴定到13个花青素合成相关基因差异表达,大部分基因的表达量随果实的发育呈现下降趋势,这一结果与花青素含量变化模式相吻合。本研究不仅深化了对猕猴桃果实成色差异机理的认识,还对今后的彩色猕猴桃选育种工作有一定的帮助。     

甘蓝型油菜BnWRKY41的理化性质分析及BnWRKY41-2在花青素合成中的功能解析

甘蓝型油菜BnWRKY41-1通过负调控花青素合成相关基因的表达而显著抑制拟南芥叶片花青素的积累。为深入了解同源拷贝BnWRKY41-2在花青素合成过程中的作用,对BnWRKY41-1和BnWRKY41-2进行生物信息学分析,并从甘蓝型油菜品种‘中双11’中成功克隆BnWRKY41-2的全长编码序列,分别转化烟草和拟南芥 wrky41-2突变体,对其亚细胞定位和在花青素合成中的调控作用进行分析。结果表明,BnWRKY41两个拷贝均具有典型WRKY结构域,N端不含跨膜结构和信号肽,二级结构主要由无规则卷曲组成,蛋白质修饰以磷酸化为主。BnWRKY41-2定位在细胞核中,在拟南芥 wrky41-2突变体背景下异源表达 BnWRKY41-2 基因使突变体叶片中的花青素含量恢复到野生型水平,而且可显著调控花青素积累相关基因的表达。这些结果表明BnWRKY41-2与BnWRKY41-1在蛋白质结构及理化性质方面相似,并且在调控拟南芥叶片花青素积累方面发挥类似的生物学功能,起负调控作用。     

HPLC法测定果实中花色素苷含量

建立了果实中花色素苷的HPLC测定方法,采用ODS-C18柱(250 nm×4.6 nm),流动相A:1.6%甲酸水溶液;B:1.6%甲酸甲醇溶液,梯度洗脱为0~5 min,85%A 15%B;5~10 min,80%A 20%B;10~30 min,72%A 28%B;30~36 min,40%A 60%B;36~48 min,100%B。检测波长510 nm,流速为1 mL/min。2种花色素苷在0.00104~0.0104 mg/mL范围内线性良好,最低检出限为0.02μg/mL,平均回收率为99.5%和99.25%,平均标准偏差为1.98%和2.50%,并测定了大石早生李和藤稔葡萄中花色素苷含量。     

黑米花色素苷提取工艺的研究

[目的]为合理开发黑米提供科学依据。[方法]以黑米为原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验,对黑米花色素苷的提取工艺进行了研究。[结果]试验确定了黑米花色素苷提取的最佳条件,即75%的乙醇溶液,按1∶8的料液比,浸提温度30℃,浸提时间30 min,在此条件下提取2次,黑米花色素苷的浸提率可达到94.40%。[结论]在此工艺条件下提取黑米花色素苷效果较好,而且可节约成本。     

马铃薯花色苷的遗传特性及其分子生物学研究状况

阐述了马铃薯色素的早期遗传研究、色素遗传理论、色素遗传基因的生化解释、花色苷相关基因的定位和分子标记,介绍了马铃薯花色苷的分子生物学与基因工程研究状况。     

黑大豆种质抗氧化能力及其与总酚和花色苷含量的关系

【目的】分析127份黑大豆种质的总抗氧化能力及与其总酚和花色苷含量之间的差异和相关性。【方法】各类型之间差异采用平均数的t测验，聚类分析采用快速聚类法，相关性分析采用相关系数法。【结果】127份黑大豆种质种皮的总抗氧化能力、总酚和花色苷含量的变幅分别为0.44～3.56 mmol·g-1、7.05～74.82 mg·g-1和0.22～1.87 mg·g-1，表现出明显的基因型差异，不同类型及不同生态区黑大豆种质的总抗氧化能力、总酚和花色苷含量差异较大，其中，黑大豆/黄大豆、黑大豆春播/秋播、夏播/秋播、东北春/南方春、东北春/南方夏、北方春/南方春、北方春/南方夏之间的差异分别达极显著（P<0.01）或显著（P<0.05）水平，总体趋势是北方春最高，东北春次之，南方春最弱。127份黑大豆种质可聚成6大类群，分别由3、24、20、31、37和12份种质组成。黑大豆的总抗氧化能力与其中的总酚和花色苷含量之间呈现极显著（P<0.01）正相关性。【结论】黑大豆的抗氧化作用与其种皮中所含的多酚和花色苷类物质关系密切。     

套袋对苹果果皮花青苷合成及着色的影响

套袋是提高苹果果实着色的主要技术措施之一,也是研究苹果果皮花青苷合成和基因表达的重要手段。苹果果皮花青苷的合成经由苯丙烷类代谢途径,编码苹果花青苷合成酶类的基因已得到克隆。套袋后果皮花青苷合成酶类的基因表达受到抑制,因而抑制了花青苷合成;摘袋后果皮花青苷迅速合成,与套袋后果皮光受体浓度增加和叶绿素含量降低从而提高对光的敏感度、迅速启动花青苷合成酶类的基因协同表达有关。果皮色素特别是花青苷和叶绿素的含量、比例和分布决定果实的着色状况,套袋促进果皮花青苷合成的同时大大降低了叶绿素含量,从而使果实着色鲜艳。