Gaseous emissions from soil biodisinfestation by animal manure on a greenhouse pepper crop

Soil solarisation together with the application of animal manure has been described as an alternative process for control of Phytophthora capsici root rot in pepper crops. A mixture of fresh sheep manure and dry chicken litter (SCM) and a semi-composted mixture of horse manure and chicken litter (HCM) were applied at 5.1 kg m⁻² (dry weight) under plastic sheets to reduce Phytophthora inoculum survival rate and disease incidence. Non-solarised (C) and solarised (S) soils were used as control treatments. Mean NH₃ concentration increased in SCM during biodisinfestation process (14.8 mg NH₃ m⁻³) compared with HCM (9.1 mg NH₃ m⁻³), accounted for the higher organic N content and potential N mineralisation. The higher NH₃ concentration in SCM could have contributed to reduce the inoculum survival rate (30.6% and 75.0% in SCM and HCM plots, respectively). Inoculum survival rate was not reduced in S (94.4%) as temperature was below 33 °C throughout the experimental period. After biodisinfestation treatment, N₂O and CO₂ emissions tended to be higher in SCM, despite high spatial variability. Cumulative N₂O emissions were 1.31 and 0.42 g N₂O-N m⁻² in SCM and HCM after 43 days. The larger N application and organic N mineralisation rate on fresh manure amended soils might have contributed to higher N₂O emissions during and after soil biodisinfestation by denitrification and nitrification, respectively. Cumulative CO₂ emission averaged 211.0 and 159.9 g CO₂-C m⁻² in SCM and HCM, respectively. The soluble organic C, more abundant in fresh manure, might have favoured soil respiration in SCM. Disease incidence decreased in SCM and HCM plots (disease incidence, 2%-8%) in relation to solarised soils (42%) after 4 months. Microbial suppressiveness might have contributed to minimise Phytophthora disease incidence in SCM and HCM plots. Pepper fruit yield increased with manure amendment in SCM and HCM, which averaged 4.6 and 4.3 kg m⁻², respectively. Further research will be necessary to guarantee an effective Phytophthora biodisinfestation by fitting manure N and organic matter applications, improving crop yield and reducing greenhouse gas pollution.     

Developing institutions to encourage the use of animal wastes as production inputs

Animal feeding operations have come under increased scrutiny as sources of water pollution. Due to the concentration of animals at individual locations and in certain regions, the local environment may not be able to use all of the nutrients contained in the manure. Particularly, problematic are waters being impaired by nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure. Since federal and state regulations have not been totally successful in precluding water contamination from manure nutrients, scientists and policymakers might seek ways to encourage the use of manure as a resource for crop production. By analyzing diverse state regulations, this paper identifies several strategies that would treat animal waste as a recyclable production input rather than a production byproduct. Citizens and regulators can encourage more sustainable livestock production by proffering regulations that mandate selected production requirements or practices. Agronomic rate regulations, limitations on manure application and timing, lagoon safety requirements, closure mandates, and alternative uses of manure constitute possibilities to remedy some pollution problems.     

Stated preferences of llama keeping functions in Bolivia

Bolivia accounts for approximately 63% of the South American llama population. Llamas keep playing an important role in the subsistence of smallholdings in the Andean regions fulfilling various functions in the productive, social and cultural life of the people. The present study evaluates functions of llama keeping as a prerequisite to the formulation of a community-driven breeding programme. A ranking approach was applied with 75 farmers in 6 villages. Sampling considered the factors gender and central versus remote communities. The different functions were presented visually. Each farmer was asked to arrange the illustrations according to his preference order. In total, 10 functions were suggested, covering the categories transport, sale or use of products, integration of animals in cultural events and herd size as capital asset. Ranking frequencies of stated preferences were calculated. A rank-based t-test was applied for multiple pair-wise comparisons within ranking groups gender and community provenance, respectively. Between-group comparison was performed by non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The capital function was most important (14.6% of total ranking frequency) followed by the transport function to cultivated areas (13.7%) and the transport function for other purposes in third place (10.8%). All pair-wise comparison analysis indicated a significant difference for the two highest ranked functions. Functions ranked from 3rd to 9th position showed poor separation due to similar means with high variance. Bottom ranked function with significant separation for all ranking groups was the ‘Integration of animals in cultural events or rituals’. Women appreciated the dung of the animals more than men (p = 0.0376), whereas men put higher value on the sale of live animals for cash generation in case of emergency (p = 0.0006) and for cash availability (p = 0.0371). It is concluded that traditionally important functions of llamas like wealth accumulation and the close integration of the animals in mixed farming systems prevail. Breeding policies and breeding decisions will be more suitable when taking into account farmers' preferences and gender-specific perceptions.     

中国古代畜牧业研究综述

学术界对古代畜牧的研究始于20世纪中期,至今已取得了丰硕成果。从早期的畜牧史料汇编及总体性研究,主要畜禽品种起源发展的考察,到针对不同历史时段和不同区域环境的畜牧业专题讨论,其研究的范围和深度都在突破。不过也存在诸多不足,尤其是原始资料的收集整理、相关学科理论方法的运用方面仍有继续探索的空间。     

高盐环境中抗动物病原菌拮抗放线菌筛选及发酵条件优化

对西北地区高盐环境中拮抗性放线菌进行筛选并对其中的16号优良拮抗菌株进行发酵条件优化。结果表明:①以固体琼脂块法和液体发酵法相结合,发现该地区放线菌对鸡大肠埃希菌和牛大肠埃希菌的拮抗效果明显优于其他动物病原菌。②优选出的16号放线菌在种龄为36 h发酵84 h时,其发酵液抑菌活性为最大。③依据16S rDNA序列构建的供试菌株系统发育树及形态及培养特征,初步确定16号菌株为达氏拟诺卡氏菌白红亚种(Dassonvillei subsp.albirubida)。     

动物组织学实验教学改革的探索与实践

在动物组织学实验教学改革与实践中,探索出适合该课程的教学模式。就加强实验室建设、转变教育观念、更新实验内容、改进实验教学方法以及加强对学生创新意识和创新能力的培养等方面进行论述,以期推动动物组织学教学深入发展和教学质量的不断提高。     

《动物性食品卫生学》实验课教学改革探索

《动物性食品卫生学》是动物医学专业的重要专业课之一.本文主要从实验课的教学内容改革、教学方法改革和课程考核方式改革等方面入手,提出了实验课改革的措施.通过这些改革措施的实施,旨在培养能够从事动物性食品卫生安全检验检疫工作和卫生监督管理工作的创新型高级科技人才.     

开发糖甜菜作饲料 促进畜牧业发展

糖甜菜不仅是糖料作物，而且其收获和制糖后的副产品都有很高的饲料价值，每公顷生产的饲料单位高于饲用甜菜等块根类饲料作物，其茎叶营养价值与苜蓿接近；糖甜菜抗逆性强，对温度适应范围广，耐旱、耐寒、抗盐碱，用于开发饲料具有重要的经济意义，在农业种植结构调整中，糖甜菜作为饲料作物纳入三元结构中有显著优势。     

Unlikely allies against factory farms: animal rights advocates and environmentalists

I examine the risks and opportunities associated with social movement coalition building in attempts to block or curtail the rise of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) in the United States. As producers have scaled up animal production facilities, environmentalists and animal rights activists, along with numerous other social actors, have begun anti-CAFO campaigns. I argue that while the CAFO has mobilized a diverse group of social actors, these individuals and organizations do not all have the same interests (aside from resistance to CAFOs), leading to some unlikely allies. These odd alliances provide opportunities for agrifood scholars to study the relationship between the coalitions that social movement organizations form and the support they receive from their respective constituencies. Lastly, I argue that the need for agrifood scholars to address the pitfalls associated with single-issue coalition building extends beyond the unlikely alliance between environmentalists and animal rights activists, as agrifood related crises have led to a proliferation of such coalitions.

农业高职高专院校“动物遗传育种”教学改革探索

针对高职高专教育培养目标,结合＂动物遗传育种＂课程及高职高专学生特点,提出了从教学内容的重新组织到合理组织课堂等策略进行教学,即突出实用、适用性来重新组织教学内容,采用灵活多样的教学方法、手段组织课堂教学,合理安排组织教学实训,通过布置作业和习题启发学生的创造性,从而使课程变抽象为形象,变复杂为简明,变枯燥为有趣。