基于树木特征因子预测木材材性及利用价值的研究概述

系统介绍了树木特征因子与林木材性、品质、等级以及经济价值之间的关系, 以期为实现我国森林资源的高效、合理利用提供新的思路。     

基于深度学习与激光点云的橡胶林枝干重建及参数反演

树木的几何建模在林木性状评价、森林动态经营管理与可视化研究中具有重要意义。现今,从激光雷达（Light Detection And Ranging,LiDAR）数据中重建树体三维模型并精准获取林木空间枝干结构参数是数字林业发展的必然趋势。该研究提出了一种深度学习与计算机图形学相融合的树木骨架重建与参数反演方法。该方法以PR107、CATAS 7-20-59、CATAS 8-79三个品种的橡胶树为实验对象,首先,采用背包移动激光雷达获取三个橡胶树品种的样地数据,并通过体素剖分和数据增广策略来构建橡胶树训练样本集。其次,构造由四层特征编码层和特征解码层所组成的点云分类深度学习网络,并包含优化的PointConv模块与不同尺度的特征插值模块,以实现在多尺度条件下,全面考虑点云的全局和局部优化特征,引导网络实现枝叶点云的精确分类。最后,面向分类后的枝干点云,运用计算机图形学的空间连通性算法与圆柱拟合策略,重建树木骨架模型,并自动解决叶子点云与对应的一级枝干归属问题,进而在叶团簇尺度下开展对单株树的精细描述与参数反演。通过对三块橡胶树测试样地的验证和与实测值的比对表明,该研究提出的深度学习网络枝叶分类总体准确率在90.32%以上。骨架重建与叶团簇分析结果显示,PR107品种橡胶树具有较为发散的树冠、最大的分枝夹角和叶团簇体积;CATAS 7-20-59品种橡胶树冠呈花瓶型,分枝夹角和叶团簇体积较小;而CATAS 8-79品种橡胶树尽管胸径最粗,但不耐寒害处于落叶期导致冠积最小。同时,反演得到的橡胶树一级枝干直径与实测值比对为：决定系数R2不低于0.94,均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error,RMSE）小于3.01 cm;主枝干与一级枝干的分枝角为：决定系数R2不低于0.91,均方根误差RMSE不高于4.94°。同时发现橡胶树一级枝干的直径与对应的叶团簇体积呈正相关分布。该研究将人工智能的理论模型应用于林木的激光点云数据处理中,为林木激光点云的智能化分析与处理提供了新颖的解决思路。     

瓜类褪绿黄化病毒山东分离物全基因组序列扩增及分析

为明确分离自山东省寿光市甜瓜上的瓜类褪绿黄化病毒(cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus,CCYV)分离物的全基因组序列信息和遗传变异情况,利用毛形病毒属Crinivirus简并引物进行RTPCR检测,利用RACE技术结合RT-PCR方法克隆CCYV山东分离物2条RNA链的全基因组序列,通过与GenBank中其它地区CCYV分离物的全长序列进行比对分析其同源性,并基于CP基因序列构建系统进化树分析其遗传变异情况。结果表明,山东分离物经RT-PCR检测和测序后确定为CCYV。CCYV山东分离物与其它CCYV分离物的RNA1链和RNA2链的全基因组序列一致性的平均值分别为99.82%和99.88%,且2条链的5′末端均比较保守,没有碱基突变的情况发生;RNA1链3′末端存在2个碱基变异,RNA2链3′末端存在1个碱基变异。CCYV不同地区分离物主要分为3个簇群,其中山东分离物和中国其它地区分离物、日本分离物、苏丹分离物、黎巴嫩分离物和塞浦路斯分离物聚类在一起。研究表明CCYV基因组序列比较保守,该病毒的分化可能与地理来源存在一定的相关性。     

Deciduous trees affect small-scale floristic diversity and tree regeneration in conifer forests

Abstract

There is a growing interest in the effects of deciduous trees on biodiversity, soil processes and long-term productivity in boreal, conifer-dominated forests. This study investigated whether individual birch trees allowed to grow to maturity in the coniferous forest can have a local effect on floristic richness and regeneration of tree saplings. The ground vegetation was compared in 2?m radius plots around the stem under the canopies of matched conifer–deciduous trees in a mature, conifer-dominated forest, and included in the analysis variables that could potentially mediate the tree effect (soil pH, cover of lichens, bryophytes, leaf and needle litter). The field layer vegetation was more species rich under birch (Betula pendula and B. pubescens) than under conifers (Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris), and several vascular plant species (including saplings of tree species) occurred more often under birch than under conifers. However, when the effect of the number of subordinate trees was taken into account the difference between birch and pine was not significant. The number of tree regenerations (saplings) was lowest under pines, but did not differ between spruce and birch. There were no effects of the canopy species on soil pH or on cover of lichens and bryophytes. The difference in diversity may be caused by the different effects of leaf and needle litter, and it is also likely that canopy structure has an influence via interception and throughfall and by affecting the light and microclimate.     

杨树1年生整株苗造林树体控制技术研究

为了论证杨树1年生整株苗造林树体控制技术中最适宜的截干高度以及后期采用何种主干控制技术能使苗木获得较好的生长,本研究采取双因素完全随机试验设计,设置不同截干高度和不同主干控制方式两个因素进行试验.结果表明:1年生整株苗造林树体控制技术的苗木造林平均成活率达97.4％以上,显著高于常规整株苗造林的平均成活率;合理截干高度...     

基于故障树的电控汽油发动机无法启动故障诊断分析

汽车无法启动是常见故障,在短时间里寻找故障发生的原因往往相当困难。故障树分析法作为分析系统可靠性和安全性的一种重要方法,为复杂系统的故障查找提供了一种有效的途径。以奇瑞A3无法启动为例,建立了发动机无法启动的故障树模型,设计出了发动机无法启动故障诊断流程图,结合诊断的实际经验与相应的辅助检查,能够对汽油发动机无法启动故障发生的部位作出快速准确的判断。     

覆膜方式对4种林木直播造林出苗率的影响

为了较好地解决山东省瘠薄山地春季直播造林中干旱和动物危害等问题,提高出苗率和保存率,以刺槐、紫穗槐、国槐和皂荚4种林木种子为试验材料,提出了一种新的覆膜方式（覆膜2）,并通过与常规覆膜（覆膜1）和露地（对照）造林的对比分析得出：1）覆膜1提高了土壤日平均温度,有效地增加了土壤各层温度,为种子的萌发提供了适宜的温度,覆膜2表层温度低于土壤表层温度,适于晚春播种;2）覆膜2能有效利用有限降水,保水蓄水能力高于覆膜1,较好地解决了瘠薄山地造林的干旱问题;3）4种林木种子出苗率和苗高覆膜处理均显著性高于对照,覆膜1对小粒种子较好,覆膜2对大粒种子效果最好;4）对于瘠薄山地的直播造林,应多选取一些大粒种子,对于小粒种子,应加大单穴的播种粒数。     

光质对经济林果的生理生态作用

太阳辐射光谱的主要范围在150nm～4000nm之间。不同波长的光的物理性质不同,对果树产生的光化学反应以及对果树生长发育的影响也不同。紫外线主要产生损伤作用,可见光主要是促进和调节作用,红外线主要是热效应,给果树提供能量。     

广东果树上17种拟茎点霉的RAPD分析

 自320个随机引物中筛选出适于拟茎点霉属真菌种间亲缘关系分析的15个随机引物,并优化了RAPD分析的扩增体系,在此基础上,对广东果树上17种拟茎点霉进行了RAPD分析。各菌株间的Nei相似系数UPGMA法聚类结果表明:来源于不同地区的2个Phomopsis mangiferae Ahmad菌株和2个P.macadami Z.D.Jiang et P.K.Chi菌株都分别以0.636和0.589的相似系数两两首先聚在一起,而不同的种则只在小于0.54的相似系数范围内聚类,体现了种间及种内的亲缘关系差异程度;聚类群与寄主植物不具相关性,同种植物上的不同拟茎点霉,即使是分自相同寄生部位也不能聚在一类;支持形态学上将生于柑桔枝和黄皮茎、沙梨叶和果、杨梅叶和枝以及同是生于龙眼叶的共8个拟茎点霉分别鉴定为不同的种,而不支持将P. cytosporella Penz.et Sacc.与P. mangiferae合并为一个种的观点;RAPD技术可作为拟茎点霉属真菌种间的亲缘关系分析的重要手段。     

The re-emergence of indigenous forest in an urban environment, Christchurch, New Zealand

Christchurch, the second largest city in New Zealand is a planned city on a coastal plain on the east coast of the South Island. The birth of the city and the subsequent century of development was characterised by colonial values and tree and garden planting with familiar European species along with those from Australia, North America, and eventually all other continents. The image of an “English garden city” with classical parks of oaks and willow-lined rivers became the accepted norm and the way in which the city has been promoted to potential tourists. Gardening is one of the top two recreational activities and exotic species greatly outnumber native species in the flora and in gardens. This has had serious consequences for the highly fragmented and degraded indigenous vegetation and its co-adapted wildlife. A few hardy indigenous species continued to regenerate through this period, but since the 1970s, there has been a progressive change of attitude and interest in reclaiming the natural heritage of the city, manifest in widespread private and public planting of indigenous species and active habitat restoration. In this article we examine the indigenous and exotic shrub and tree components of the Christchurch flora as planted street trees, in domestic gardens, and in parks. We also present data on shrub and tree regeneration in parks and domestic gardens in the city. Indications are that the more sensitive, less intrusive management of urban environments, combined with the greater density of indigenous seed sources, has allowed regeneration of a wide range of indigenous species across a broad spectrum of habitats – from neglected gardens to pavement cracks to exotic plantations. This is despite the competition from the prodigious seed banks and density of exotic trees, shrubs, and ground covers and albeit minimal impacts of introduced browsing and seed eating mammals. If the present trends continue through appropriate management and facilitation, these tentative signs of native forest regeneration should eventually proliferate into a sustainable mixed origin urban forest that resurrects and preserves the natural character of the region.