Transfer of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls from particles to membranes studied by quenching of fluorescence

Hydrophobic chlorinated hydrocarbons are adsorbed onto particles in the environment. Thus, uptake of chlorinated hydrocarbons into organisms is likely to be from the particle-adsorbed state. We investigated the transfer of chlorinated hydrocarbons from particles to phospholipid membranes, quantified by quenching of the fluorescence of a carbazole-labeled phospholipid which was used to label the membranes. The chlorinated hydrocarbons studied included DDT, DDE, methoxychlor, lindane, stirofos, and several polychlorinated biphenyls. The particles studied were porous glass, kaolinite, cellulose, and silica. Transfer of chlorinated hydrocarbons from particles to vesicles was independent of the chlorinated hydrocarbon concentration. The transfer rate did not depend on binding of lipids to particles, and was independent of the lipid composition of the vesicles. Membrane uptake of chlorinated hydrocarbons from the particle-adsorbed state was more rapid than uptake from the microcrystalline state, and uptake was faster when the chlorinated hydrocarbons were dispersed over larger particle surface areas. The transfer rates of chlorinated hydrocarbons correlated with their aqueous solubilities. In total, these results indicate that chlorinated hydrocarbons are transferred through the aqueous phase. We judge the rate-limiting step in membrane uptake to be the rate of solubilization of the chlorinated hydrocarbons from the particles into the bulk aqueous phase. Adsorption of chlorinated hydrocarbons onto particles may enhance the transfer rate by dispersing the chlorinated hydrocarbons and making them more available for solubilization in the bulk aqueous phase. The data are correlated with a model that assumes diffusion across an unstirred aqueous layer which interfaces with the bulk aqueous phase and the particle.     

冷冬对美洲斑潜蝇越冬及发生趋势的影响

研究表明：在冷冬条件下，美洲斑潜蝇仍可安全越冬，但其在春季的发生推迟。冷冬对美洲斑潜蝇夏秋季发生趋势无影响。入梅的早迟，雨量的大小，雨日的多少，作物布局及长势，栽培方法等，是影响其夏秋季发生为害的主要因子，可在测报与防治上加以应用。     

从美国引进的七种灌木的出苗及幼苗期观测

从美国引进伏地肤(Kochia prostrata)、驼绒藜(Ceratoides Ianata)、四翅滨藜(Atriplex canescens)、三齿冰藜(Atriplex tridentata)、内华达麻黄(Ephredra nevadensis)、沙生胶兔木(Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp．turbinatus)、黑油脂木(Sarcobatus vermiculatus),进行育苗试验。结果表明：(1)伏地肤经水浸处理、四翅滨藜和内华达麻黄经层积处理后出苗率等有明显提高;(2)伏地肤系列、四翅滨藜-2和沙生胶兔木在4月下旬即可播种,而驼绒藜系列、四翅滨藜一1和黑油脂木则在5月上旬播种更适合;(3)三齿冰藜和沙生胶兔木在施肥处理的土壤上幼苗长势最好;驼绒藜系列对土壤肥力条件要求不严格;伏地肤系列、四翅滨藜系列和黑油脂木在沙质土壤更能发挥它们的生长优势;(4)伏地肤系列、四翅滨藜系列和黑油脂木地上部分生长量高于小叶锦鸡儿。     

美国白蛾性信息素应用及粗提取试验

通过对美国白蛾成虫羽化和交尾高峰期雌虫性信息素分泌规律的研究,得出一些结论.     

谈美国红鱼海水养殖技术

美国红鱼是一种具有很高的游钓和商业价值,红鱼的肉质鲜美,鱼刺较少,并且含有不饱和脂肪酸,这种鱼类非常受欢迎。笔者主要进行探讨美国红鱼的养殖技术以及在红鱼养殖的过程中应注意的事项。     

Interacting effects of irradiance and water stress on dry weight and biomass partitioning in Fagus sylvatica seedlings

Abstract

Actual climate models for central Europe predict prolonged summer droughts. Knowledge on how the interaction between light and water availability affects regeneration will hence be of major importance. In an experiment carried out under controlled conditions, newly emerged beech seedlings were grown in pots with sand during 54 days. Three treatments applying three different light levels (2, 9 and 43% relative light intensity) were combined with two soil water treatments (control and drought). At the end of the experiment, seedlings were separated into leaves, stem and root and the seedlings’ dry mass, leaf area and stem length was determined. Low irradiance (2%) had a strong negative effect on dry weights of seedling components, leaf area and specific leaf mass. Drought clearly affected biomass partitioning for seedlings at high irradiance levels (43%). An interaction between irradiance and drought on biomass partitioning in beech seedlings was observed at medium irradiance level (9%). Within a wide range of light levels in the forests, both light and drought may affect biomass partitioning in young seedlings.     

HPLC测定不同提取方法对西洋参单体皂苷含量的影响

目的考察不同提取方法对西洋参皂苷含量的影响。方法分别选择甲醇、乙醇、水三种不同试剂结合浸泡提取法、回流提取法、超声提取法三种方法提取皂苷,采用高效液相色谱法测定上述不同提取液中Rgl、Re、Rb。的含量。结果人参皂苷Rgl、Re、Rb。在测定范围内具有良好的线性关系。该实验方法可以在相关工作生产中实际应用。不同提取方法中人参皂苷Rbl含量略有影响。结论乙醚脱脂50％乙醇超声提取法中的人参皂苷Rgl和Re含量高于其他提取方法．乙醚脱脂甲醇回流提取法中人参皂苷Rb,含量高于其他提取方法。     

Aleutian mink disease virus in furbearing mammals in Nova Scotia,Canada

Background

Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is widespread among ranched and free-ranging American mink in Canada, but there is no information on its prevalence in other wild animal species. This paper describes the prevalence of AMDV of 12 furbearing species in Nova Scotia (NS), Canada.

Methods

Samples were collected from carcasses of 462 wild animals of 12 furbearing species, trapped in 10 NS counties between November 2009 and February 2011. Viral DNA was tested by PCR using two primer pairs, and anti-viral antibodies were tested by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) on spleen homogenates.

Results

Positive PCR or CIEP samples were detected in 56 of 60 (93.3%) American mink, 43 of 61 (70.5%) short-tailed weasels, 2 of 8 (25.0%) striped skunks, 2 of 11 (18.2%) North American river otters, 9 of 85 (10.6%) raccoons, and 2 of 20 (10.0%) bobcats. Samples from six fishers, 24 coyotes, 25 red foxes, 58 beavers, 45 red-squirrels and 59 muskrats were negative. Antibodies to AMDV were detected by CIEP in 16 of 56 (28.6%) mink and one of the 8 skunks (12.5%). Thirteen of the mink were positive for PCR and CIEP, but three mink and one skunk were CIEP positive and PCR negative. Positive CIEP or PCR animals were present in all nine counties from which mink or weasel samples were collected.

Conclusions

The presence of AMDV in so many species across the province has important epidemiological ramifications and could pose a serious health problem for the captive mink, as well as for susceptible wildlife. The mechanism of virus transmission between wildlife and captive mink and the effects of AMDV exposure on the viability of the susceptible species deserve further investigation.     

Spatial correlation of pit and mound topography with canopy gaps in a virgin mixed beech forest,northern Iran

In a reserved forest parcel in a virgin eastern Hyrcanian mixed beech forest,80 ha was surveyed to determine the pit and mound topography,canopy gaps and dead trees.The aim was to investigate the spatial patterns and correlation of pit and mound features with canopy gaps.Seventy-five canopy gaps and 61 pit and mound features were identified.The univariate first order nearest neighbor(R_CE)and bivariate second order test(Ripley’s K)statistic were applied.R_CE statistics highlighted a general aggregation pattern for canopy gaps and pits and mounds,while pits and mounds alone were more clumped.Distances between canopy gaps were 130 m average,whereas distances between pit and mound features and dead trees were 60 and 78 m,respectively.Spatial positive correlation of canopy gaps with pits and mounds were observed with all distances.The result of spatial correlations between canopy gaps with pits and mounds confirmed that windthrows cause micro successions in fallen tree ecosystem-scale correlated with gap phase dynamics in the forest community-scale.     

Citric acid extraction—An underestimated method in forest nutrition?

Since recent studies reveal citric acid to be favorable for estimating plant‐available P in soils, we investigated if it can also be used for assessing other nutrients. According to our results, it provides stronger correlations with the tree nutrition for Mg (beech, spruce), Ca+K (beech) and Fe (spruce) than the standard methods for determining exchangeable cations. Thus, when estimating plant‐available P by citric acid‐extraction, these cations should be additionally measured in ICP analysis.