钝绥螨属(蜱螨亚纲植绥螨科)拉戈群两个种的比较研究

钝绥螨属拉戈群的不少种类是叶螨、跗线螨和瘿螨的重要天敌。分清种类是利用它们的前提。拉戈群中的种间形态差异不大,鉴定时容易混淆。本试验用采自江苏和四川茶树的两种钝绥螨进行杂交和形态、生物学比较。研究结果表明,这两个种存在着明显的生殖隔离。二者胸板后缘形态差异显著,前者为江原钝绥螨(Amblyseius eharai Amitai et Swirski);后者为草栖钝绥螨[A.herbicolus(Chant)],德氏钝绥螨(A.deleoni Muma et Denmark)是它的同物异名。比较二者的发育速度、产卵量及分布地区,可看出江原钝绥螨更有利用价值。     

巴氏钝绥螨发育起点温度与有效积温

在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃五种恒温、湿度72%,光照L∶D=12∶12的人工气候箱中,测定巴氏钝绥螨的发育历期.结果表明:随温度升高,发育历期逐渐缩短.巴氏钝绥螨卵、幼螨、前若螨、后若螨、产卵前期、世代的发育起点温度分别为18.07℃、12.65℃、13.66℃、13.25℃、15.85℃、11.90℃;有效积温分别为:11.57、10.95、23.08、20.90、24.20和126.87日·度.根据有效积温法则预测巴氏钝绥螨在南昌地区的发生代数为21代.     

Field trial measuring the compatibility of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid with Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a commercial pepper greenhouse

BACKGROUND: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are among the most serious pests of sweet peppers in greenhouses. Chemical control is difficult because of their high reproductive rates and insecticide resistance, and seasonal inoculative releases of Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and Amblyseius swirskii (Athias‐Henriot) are commonly used to reduce their populations. As chemical treatments are often needed in the crop against other pests, the side effects of methoxyfenozide (an insect growth regulator against lepidopteran pests) and flonicamid (a selective feeding inhibitor against sucking insects) were studied in both beneficial organisms in a commercial greenhouse. RESULTS: Orius laevigatus and A. swirskii were released at commercial rates (4–5 and 100 m^?2), and a strong establishment and a very homogeneous distribution were reached. One pesticide treatment with the maximum field recommended concentration of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid (96 and 100 mg AI L^?1) was done when they were well established, and their population levels were not affected either immediately or up to 30 days after treatment. CONCLUSION: The results are indicative of no impact of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid on the two natural enemies in the field, and both can be considered as potential alternatives to be included in IPM programmes in sweet pepper. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

20种植物花粉对真桑钝绥螨饲养效果的综合评判

通过对20种植物的花粉筛选,证明有14种花粉可使真桑钝绥螨完成发育,有10种可令该螨继代繁殖。采用模糊综合评判法,以花粉参数和繁殖效果等共10项指标作为参评因素,确认黄瓜、茉莉花和马缨丹的花粉适于室内饲养作饲料用。     

表面活性剂APSA-80对井冈霉素的增效作用研究

 在750倍的井冈霉素药液中加入0.01%、0.02%和0.04%浓度的表面活性剂APSA-80后,其表面张力降低了32.87%~53.66%、药液液滴在水稻的叶表面和叶背面的接触角分别降低了25.26%~51.98%和36.88%~47.34%,在叶鞘上降低22.38%~37.18%;药液在叶片上的沉积量提高约1.6倍;盆栽试验结果表明,APSA-80能够提高井冈霉素药液抗雨水冲刷能力;田间药效试验结果显示,APSA-80能够提高井冈霉素防治纹枯病的效果和延长其持效期。药后14 d,加入0.02%和0.04% APSA-80的处理防效明显高于单用;药后21 d,加入0.04%的,防效仍保持86.58%(96年)和90.93%(97年),极明显高于单用。     

Biological diversity of Rhizoctonia solani (AG-3) in a northern potato-cultivation environment in Finland

A total of 119 isolates of Rhizoctonia were collected from stem canker lesions, stolon and root lesions, hymenia on stems, or from black scurf on tubers of potato plants ( Solanum tuberosum ) in Finland (latitudes 60–67°N). All isolates except three belonged to anastomosis group 3 (AG-3) of R. solani , as determined by phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS1 and ITS2) of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Sensitivity of the 119 isolates to the fungicide flutolanil was tested in vitro (EC₅₀ values 0·14–0·75  µ g active ingredient mL⁻¹). The isolates also varied considerably in growth rate (5·1–14·8 mm day⁻¹). The severity of disease caused by 99 isolates was determined based on the proportion of potato sprouts affected by lesions, discoloration or death, which was c . 1–60%. Only two isolates that were able to cause severe symptoms showed particularly low sensitivity to the fungicide and rapid growth rate. One isolate each of anastomosis groups AG-2-1 and AG-5 and an unknown, binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. were detected. The AG-5 isolate and the binucleate isolate caused mild symptoms on potato sprouts, whereas the AG-2-1 isolate was not pathogenic. Taken together, AG-3 of R. solani was the predominant causal agent of the stem canker and black scurf diseases of potato in Finland and showed considerable variability in disease severity, fungicide sensitivity and growth rate in vitro .     

Dynamics of soilborne Rhizoctonia solani in the presence of Trichoderma harzianum: effects on stem canker, black scurf and progeny tubers of potato

Stem canker and black scurf are diseases of potato caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani . Spatiotemporal experimentation and empirical modelling were applied for the first time to investigate the effect of antagonistic Trichoderma harzianum on the dynamics of soilborne R. solani on individual potato plants. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the severity of symptoms, expressed as 'rhizoctonia stem lesion index' (RSI), during the first 7 days post-inoculation when the inoculum of R. solani was placed at certain distances (30–60 mm) from the host. For example, with inoculum at 40 mm from the host, RSI was 6 and 40 with and without T. harzianum , respectively. At later observation times, the antagonistic effect was overcome. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the severity of black scurf on progeny tubers. Furthermore, the mean number of progeny tubers per potato plant was reduced by the biocontrol treatment (means of 6·5 ± 1·1 and 9·9 ± 2·7 tubers per plant with and without T. harzianum , respectively), as was the proportion of small (0·1–20·0 g) tubers (48% and 66% with and without T. harzianum , respectively). Additionally, there were fewer malformed and green-coloured tubers in pots treated with T. harzianum than in those without T. harzianum .     

山楂叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的吸引作用研究

采用两侧吸引作用试验测定天敌胡瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans在田间对山楂叶螨的搜索和控制能力。结果表明:山楂叶螨不同螨态对胡瓜钝绥螨均有显著的吸引作用,排泄物对胡瓜钝绥螨没有明显的吸引作用。山楂叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的这种吸引作用说明胡瓜钝绥螨在田间具有自动搜索山楂叶螨的能力,可用于山楂叶螨的生物防治。     

Comparative life history characteristics of the mite predator Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on mite and pollen diets

The food diversification strategy that can offer suitable nutrients as a diet for the natural enemies may possibly help to decrease pest populations by boosting the efficiency of predators. Therefore, my objective was to evaluate the effects of plant and animal diets on biological parameters of the phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans). This predator that is a natural enemy of mites was reared on plant pollens (maize (Zea mays L.), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and rose (Rosa multiflora Thunb.), offered alone, and in combination with the prey mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank). Results showed that N. cucumeris fed, developed and reproduced better when it was provided with plant and animal diets together, compared to pollens offered alone. The predator showed the most efficient capability for completion of life parameters (development, survival, fecundity, oviposition, longevity and instantaneous rate of increase) with maize and mungbean ingested pollens in combination with T. putrescentiae. The least competency was observed on cucumber and rose pollens used separately. The lowest developmental time of the predator from neonate larva to adult emergence, the highest immature survivorship, higher fecundity, long oviposition period, and the highest adult female's life span were observed when offered maize pollens along with T. putrescentiae compared to other treatments. Accordingly, the instantaneous rate of population increase (r_i) day^?1 was surpassed by N. cucumeris for the combination of pollen and T. putrescentiae diets than pollens utilized alone. It is determined that N. cucumeris can reproduce and develop more successfully on a food complex consisting of pollen and animal diets than any single diet. These findings reveal that pollen can be used by N. cucumeris as a suitable alternative food in periods when prey in the field is sparse or absent. Moreover, such propensity of predators to feed on food from plant origin increases their survival during periods when prey is locally scarce, but natural enemies might occur at the expense of an ability to utilize food as efficiently as specialized predators to boost the management strategies of pest species in field's ecosystem.     

Epitrix flea beetles: new threats to potato production in Europe

Epitrix tuberis and E. cucumeris are major pests of potatoes in North America. E. tuberis causes the most serious damage because the larval feeding can cause superficial serpentine tunnelling on the surface of tubers as well as deeper pits. This damage can make crops unmarketable. By contrast, E. cucumeris mainly damages the foliage, and yield losses can occur when the adults reach high densities. In 2004, potato tuber damage characteristic of E. tuberis was seen in Portugal. In 2008, damage was more widespread and severe. E. cucumeris and a lesser known species, E. similaris, were recorded in affected fields. E. similaris has since been found across Galicia, Spain. E. similaris is thought to be the most likely cause of the tuber damage in Portugal, but it is possible that E. cucumeris or an as yet undetected Epitrix species is causing the damage. In 2010, a pest risk assessment for the Euro‐Mediterranean area identified the movement of adults and pupae with seed or ware potatoes and associated soil as being the highest‐risk pathways for the spread of Epitrix. In 2012, EU emergency measures were agreed to reduce the risk of further introductions and the rate of spread of these pests.