Root parameters of forest trees as sensitive indicators of acidifying pollutants: a review of research of Japanese forest trees

The root parameters of forest trees can be indicators of a changing environment. We summarize the results of root studies with regard to the effects of acidifying pollutants, especially soil acidification and aluminum toxicity, on various root parameters of Japanese forest trees under experimentally controlled conditions. All root parameters such as biomass, morphology, nutritional status, and physiology can be regarded as indicators, because, under laboratory conditions, root responses occur prior to the responses in the aboveground parts. However, considering the conditions of forest sites, the nutritional status and physiological changes are better indicators of soil acidification and Al stress than the biomass and morphological response. The currently available data suggest that the most important indicator is the Ca/Al molar ratio in roots of Japanese tree species. In order to predict and detect the initial effects of soil acidification, we postulate that the specific root response to the Ca/Al molar ratio of tree roots should be considered as a parameter for use in long-term forest monitoring sites.     

Determining the origin of Al in the outflow from a forest watershed of a suburban forest in Japan by analysis of size distribution

This study clarified the origin of Al in spring water and stream water by analyzing the size distribution of Al of ground water, spring water, stream water, and soil extracts obtained by batch and column experiments using samples from a suburban secondary forest on granite bedrock in Aichi Prefecture. The high concentration of dissolved Al (Al_0.45; fraction through 0.45-μm filter) in water samples obtained from this study site was divided into completely dissolved and small colloidal forms (<0.20 μm; Al_0.20) and large colloidal forms (0.20–0.45 μm). More than 50% of dissolved Al (Al_0.45) in spring water existed in large colloidal form. By comparing the size distribution and concentration of various elements including Al in the samples from soil batch and column experiments, we suggest that the high concentration of Al in spring water is caused by the release of Al from surface soils when ground water emerges as spring water.     

Root growth enhancement by rhizospheric aluminum treatment in Quercus serrata Thunb. seedlings

This article discusses the effect of aluminum on root growth of Querucus serrata Thunb. In a 9-week hydroponics experiment, the effects of various concentrations (0 to 5.0 mM) of Al on root growth were examined. Results revealed that root biomass increases with the increase in Al concentration up to 2.5 mM, and then it tended to decrease. In the next experiment, the effects of H⁺ and Al³⁺ on roots were compared in a 4-week hydroponics experiment using three treatment solutions: control (pH 6.0), −Al (without Al, pH 3.5), and +Al (with 2.5 mM Al, pH 3.5). No clear difference in the biomass and root length between the control and −Al treated roots was observed, and root and shoot biomass were increased by Al treatment. These results confirmed that the H⁺ concentration level, at a pH of 3.5, is not toxic for Q. serrata and the Al-induced increase in root biomass is not caused by the amelioration of H⁺ toxicity by Al. In the third experiment, roots were exposed to an Al solution (pH 3.6) intermittently. This treatment clarified that Al stimulated rooting and root elongation. In the fourth experiment, the effect of 1 mM Al on root growth during a 15-month period in a sand culture were examined. This experiment confirmed that Al stimulated good growth and development of root systems at appropriate concentrations. Therefore, it is considered that Al-induced root growth enhancement occurs as a long-term and short-term phenomenon.     

Genotypic Difference in Plant Growth and Mineral Composition in Barley Under Aluminum Stress

Four barley genotypes (Tiantaiyangdamai, Xiyin2, Mimai114 and Tai94-Ce6) were exposed to0, 50, 100, and 150 μM of Al-containing solution with pH 4.5, to determine the differences in growth inhibi-tion, Al concentration and accumulation and mineral composition among genotypes. The results showed thatMimai114 and Tai94-Ce6 had significantly higher Al concentration and accumulation than Tiantaiyangdamiand Xiyin2, especially in roots, and the growth traits including root and shoot dry weights, shoot height, rootlength and tillers per plant were more inhibited in the former two genotypes. Al treatments caused a significantreduction of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn content in both roots and shoots, of Cu in shoots ; and a significant increase in Fe and Zn content in both roots and shoots, of Cu in roots. The changed rates of mineral contentcaused by Al treatments, in terms of the content in 150 μM Al divided by the content in the control, differedsignificantly among four genotypes. Two Al-sensitive genotypes, Mimai114 and Tai94-Ce6 had much greater changesin mineral content than other two Al-tolerant genotypes Tiantaiyangdamai and Xiyin2 when subjected to Al stress incomparison with the control. It is indicated that the Al-tolerant genotype is characterized by less uptake and accumula-tion of Al in roots and smaller disorders in mineral metabolism and ion homeostasis.     

铝散热器断裂原因分析及预防措施

针对某拖拉机水箱铝制散热器在工作过程中存在的易断裂问题,通过采用宏观观察、微观分析以及化学成分分析等方法,对其断裂原因进行了分析,并提出了诸如材质检验、抽样剖检、防冻液替代等预防措施,且收到了良好的效果。     

大麦耐铝毒机理及遗传改良研究进展

综述了大麦酸铝毒害及其遗传改良研究进展。大麦铝毒害的首要症状是根系的生长发育受阻 ,根系微观结构改变 ,其机制可能包括 :铝引起细胞死亡、缺乏细胞壁合成底物、铝影响DNA合成以及矿质元素吸收等几个方面。大麦可以通过增加根际分泌物如有机酸、多肽等螯合根际铝 ,也可提高根际 pH使铝沉淀 ,减弱铝毒性 ,对进入细胞内的铝也可通过与铝形成无毒的复合物 ,或将铝主动运入液泡中 ,解除内部铝毒。对大麦的遗传研究表明 ,大麦耐铝性是由单基因控制 ,耐铝性不同的品种分别是由多基因座控制。利用苏木精染色等方法已鉴定出一些耐铝材料 ,通过突变体筛选已获得了一些抗铝的大麦品种。运用分子生物学技术 ,有望将小麦耐铝基因导入大麦 ,显著提高大麦耐铝毒的能力     

磷酸根在矿物表面的吸附-解吸特性研究进展

综述了磷酸根在一些常见土壤矿物表面吸附-解吸特性的研究进展.磷酸根在矿物表面的吸附特性受环境pH、离子强度、温度、反应时间、矿物类型等多种因素的共同影响.一般说来,矿物表面的磷吸附量随pH降低而增加,受离子强度的影响较小.磷酸根在矿物表面的吸附动力学过程可分为快速吸附过程和慢速吸附过程,且在弱结晶矿物中存在微孔扩散过程...     

接种双色蜡蘑对马尾松根际土壤无机磷和活性铝含量的影响

将双色蜡蘑(Laccaria bicolor)的3个株系(Lb 270、Lb S238A和Lb S238N)分别与马尾松种子拌匀,培养在酸性土壤中,以检测根际土壤无机磷和活性铝含量,并分析外生菌根对磷有效性和铝活性的作用。结果发现,与非菌根苗相比,接种双色蜡蘑显著促进马尾松幼苗生长和对磷、铝的吸收,而对根际土壤无机磷和活性铝含量的影响因菌株而异:Lb 270和Lb S238N显著降低pH、有效磷、全铝、交换态铝含量,提高羟基态铝含量,且Lb 270还显著降低铁磷和钙磷含量;Lb S238A显著提高pH、有效磷含量,减少铝磷、全铝、活性铝、交换态铝和腐殖酸铝含量。即接种双色蜡蘑提高了磷的生物有效性,且Lb 270和Lb S238N增加、Lb S238A减少铝的活性。因此,接种供试双色蜡蘑都能提高马尾松的抗铝性,主要在于其增加磷的生物有效性,而是否降低铝的活性取决于菌株特性。     

水稻品种间铝耐性差异的探究

铝毒是酸性土壤中限制植物生长的主要因子之一,探讨植物耐铝特性与机理对提高酸性土壤植物生产力具有重要意义。通过一系列生理和分子生物学试验,主要探究了Nipponbare和Kasalath两个水稻品种的铝耐性差异。结果发现,与Kasalath相比,Nipponbare在铝胁迫下不仅拥有较长的根伸长,且根尖铝含量较少,表明Nipponbare是水稻铝耐性品种,而Kasalath为铝敏感品种。进一步研究发现,水稻根尖控制铝吸收的NRAT1基因在Kasalath中表达量更高,表明,NRAT1基因的高表达量可能是导致铝敏感品种Kasalath根尖铝含量较高的主要原因。此外,铝胁迫下,Nipponbare根系柠檬酸的分泌量显著高于Kasalath。而且,水稻中控制柠檬酸分泌的OsFRDL4基因在铝耐性品种Nipponbare中的表达量显著高于Kasalath,由此证明,柠檬酸在这两个品种水稻耐铝途径中可能起着重要的作用,并且,该品种水稻可以通过调控OsFRDL4基因的表达量来控制柠檬酸的分泌量。本研究中还分析了其他4个与铝胁迫相关的基因,但并未发现明显的相关性,值得进一步的探究。