不同形态硼对油菜幼苗铝毒的缓解效应及其FTIR特征分析

采用水培法,以油菜品种Cao 221167为试验材料,设置无机态硼酸(BA)和有机态山梨醇硼(SB)及不同Al~(3+)(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1))处理,研究不同形态硼(B)对油菜幼苗铝(Al)毒的缓解作用及不同形态B之间的缓解效应差异,以及利用FTIR(傅里叶红外光谱)技术分析叶片各物质含量的变化。结果表明,Al毒胁迫下,不同形态B(BA和SB)处理,显著提高植株生物量和根系长度(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1) Al毒胁迫下BA处理根长分别增加了52.15%、101.45%、366.70%和18.73%;SB处理分别增加了46.80%、133.98%、261.36%和10.77%),提高色素含量和SOD活性,而降低了Al含量、MDA含量和POD活性。不同形态B处理下,油菜幼苗在200μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下长势、生物量及色素含量最高。在500μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下,油菜幼苗株高、根长、总干鲜重及色素含量显著低于无Al处理;FTIR分析表明,Al毒胁迫下油菜叶片中蛋白质和低聚糖等含量明显上升,加硼明显降低了蛋白质和低聚糖的含量,且BA处理降低幅度明显高于SB处理。说明不同形态B(BA和SB)的添加均明显缓解Al毒,且BA对Al毒缓解效果优于SB,这为农业生产中施用何种硼肥来缓解Al毒起到一定的指导作用。     

Diurnal patterns of nitrate assimilation in Kentucky bluegrass

Kentucky bluegrass (Poapratensis L.) is a major C₃‐type forage and turfgrass, but it is less efficient than many grasses in utilizing nitrogen(N). To determine how this grass can accommodate its greater N need, diurnal patterns of nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and nitrite reductase activity (NiRA) in its leaves and roots were examined and compared with those in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plants were grown under greenhouse or growth room conditions and assayed for NRA and NiRA by optimized in vivo methods. The diurnal patterns of NRA and NiRA indicated that Kentucky bluegrass could assimilate nitrate during the night at rates greater than or similar to those during the day. Leaf NRA of Kentucky bluegrass was minimal approximately 4 and 10 h after illumination commenced and increased at night. The diurnal pattern of leaf NRA among Kentucky bluegrass cultivars did not differ significantly. In roots, NRA of Kentucky bluegrass was high in the morning and decreased sharply during the afternoon and evening, but increased again late at night. Unlike Kentucky bluegrass, barley exhibited greater leaf NRA during the day than during the night and exhibited the greatest activity 6 or 10 h after illumination commenced. In both species, the equilibrium leaf nitrate pool was 20 to 30 times larger than the ammonium pool and 3, 000 to 13, 000 times larger than the nitrite pool. Leaf nitrate pool size showed a diurnal pattern complementary to that of leaf NRA. Our results suggest that a nighttime N use strategy might exist in Kentucky bluegrass.     

Al~(3+)胁迫对茶树根际青霉菌丝生长及酶活性的影响

[目的]研究外源添加Al3+对来自茶园土壤一种青霉生长及酶活性的影响。[方法]采用液体摇瓶培养,测定霉菌菌丝干重、发酵液胞外蛋白含量及胞外相关酶的活性。[结果]添加0～100mg/LAl3+对青霉生长有刺激作用,过氧化氢酶活性呈下降趋势,葡萄糖氧化酶活性变化与菌丝干重变化呈正相关。在0～200mg/LAl3+胁迫下,发酵液胞外蛋白含量、纤维素酶活性呈上升趋势。[结论]在不同浓度Al3+作用下,表现为不同程度的刺激或抑制作用。     

茶树根际土壤抗酸铝微生物的分离与初步鉴定

将茶树根际土壤微生物提取液接种到含铝5 ～20 mmol/L的培养基上培养并分离获得抗酸铝真菌ALF 1 。该真菌具有抗酸铝能力, 能在含铝20 mmol/L的培养基上正常生长, 并降低培养基铝浓度且使苏木精褪色。经鉴定, ALF 1 真菌为链孢霉属的1 种( Neurosporasp.) 。     

鸭茅幼苗生长及形态对铝胁迫的响应

选取我国西南地区的鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)主栽品种‘德纳塔’、‘安巴’、‘宝兴’和‘牧友’为供试材料,研究酸性环境下不同梯度的铝离子(0,10,30,50和100 μM)对鸭茅幼苗生长及形态的影响。结果表明:铝胁迫下,鸭茅枝条干重、根系干重、植株形态及根系伸长均受到显著抑制,且随着浓度的增加呈现出下降趋势;低浓度(10～30 μM)铝离子处理对鸭茅生长造成的抑制较弱,对鸭茅植株的健康形态塑造没有造成影响;而高浓度(≥50 μM)铝离子处理则对鸭茅植株根系伸长和植株形态造成严重的抑制,不利于植株后期的健康生长;供试鸭茅地下部根系积累铝的量要大于地上部枝条,且品种间存在一定差异,‘牧友’根系中铝含量最低,耐受性较强。表明鸭茅通过改变植株形态和调控自身积累铝的水平来应对酸性土壤中的铝离子胁迫,但是酸性铝离子环境对鸭茅早期生长仍具有一定的毒害作用,低浓度造成的影响较小,而高浓度则对鸭茅植株生长和形态塑造均造成不良的影响。     

Alfalfa Responses to Combined Use of Lime and Limiting Nutrients on an Acidic Soil

An on-farm field experiment was conducted on an acidic soil to investigate the effects of combined use of lime and deficient nutrients on herbage yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Omitting lime and limiting nutrients led to elevated concentrations of aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in alfalfa leaves and stems and caused severe reductions in herbage yield of alfalfa. Combined use of lime (2 t ha^?1) and nutrients [phosphorus (P): 20 kg ha^?1, sulfur (S): 20 kg ha^?1, zinc (Zn): 4 kg ha^?1, and boron (B): 2 kg ha^?1] had the maximum increase in groundcover, root biomass, nodulation, leaf retention, leaf-to-stem ratio, herbage yield, crude protein, and nutrient composition of alfalfa. These beneficial effects were due to raised soil pH; improved calcium (Ca), P, S, Zn, and B nutrition; and reduced Al, Mn, and Fe toxicity. Aluminium and all the nutrients except copper (Cu) were more concentrated in alfalfa leaves than stems.

Aluminum concentration was about three times greater in the lower leaves than in upper leaves. Lower leaves also had much greater concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, and B compared with upper leaves. In contrast, P and Zn concentrations were greater in the upper leaves than in lower leaves. Results suggest that the combined use of lime and all the limiting nutrients may realize potential beneficial effects of alfalfa on acidic soils where more than one essential nutrient is deficient. This may increase growth potential, nitrogen contributions, and groundcover by alfalfa and reduce soil erosion and runoff.     

川东南马尾松外生菌根苗及其抗铝性研究

采自西南地区分离的马尾松林常见的土著菌株松乳菇(Lactarius deliciosus 01,03)、彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius 715)和模式种双色蜡蘑(Laccaria bicolor S238N)的基质纯培养物及液体纯培养物,分别按混合(Mix=Ld 01 Ld 03 Pt 715 Lb S238N)及单独接种的方式接种1月龄马尾松(Pinus massoniana)幼苗.菌根苗在不同pH土壤及铝胁迫条件下培育3个月后采样分析其生长和养分吸收特性.结果表明:4种接种方式均能有效形成菌根,显著增加幼苗的生物量,促进幼苗对N、P、K的吸收并显著(P＜0.05)提高抗铝性;混合接种促进马尾松幼苗生长的效果较单独接种好,并且pH=6.1时,幼苗对K的吸收量最大,铝吸收量最少;pH=4.1时,幼苗对N、P的吸收效果最好,但对K的吸收和对铝的抗性最差.     

Effect of aluminum uptake on growth and enzyme activity in Pisum sativum var. ‘Alaska’ and ‘Little Marvel’

It is usually assumed that plant tissue responses to nutritional elements are due to specific genetic differences that may exist either between inbred or closely related species. Little Marvel (dwarf) and Alaska (normal) varieties of 14‐day old pea seedlings were treated with four different concentrations of Al‐containing nutrient solution (0.0mM, 0.2mM, 0.6mM and distilled H₂O), prior to being exposed for 14 days to either DARK, LIGHT, or UV. Selected tissues (root tip, main root, main stem and proximal stem) were bioassayed for peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activities, fresh wt vs. dry wt, water uptake and stem growth. The present study suggests that Little Marvel and Alaska pea tissue responds to high toxicity levels of Al by demonstrating an enhancement of enzymic activity. Tissue weight, growth and water uptake also show differential tissue specificity in both Little Marvel and Alaska tissue, in terms of Al toxicity response, given a particular external exposure.     

Amelioration of Aluminum Toxicity by Pretreatment with Phosphate in Aluminum‐Tolerant Rice Cultivar

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of aluminum (Al) in relation to preculture with phosphates was examined in the rice cultivar Arkansas fortuna. In plants precultured with phosphates, Al did not inhibit shoot growth, while Al retarded shoot growth in plants precultured without phosphates. In contrast, Al inhibited root elongation, irrespective of the presence of phosphates in the preculture solution. A large proportion of the Al in roots was in unknown, insoluble forms. In phosphate‐precultured plants, Al deposition was slightly increased, presumably due to the formation of aluminum phosphates in the roots, and phosphorus levels in shoots were markedly increased. Binding with phosphates may ameliorate the toxicity of Al when it enters the shoots and account for the uninhibited shoot growth in the presence of Al in plants precultured with phosphates.     

纳米氧化锌缓解大豆铝胁迫生理机制

【目的】探究在铝(Al)胁迫下不同含量的纳米氧化锌(Zinc oxide nanoparticles,ZnO NPs)对大豆Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.生理特性的影响,为金属纳米材料在农业上的应用提供一定参考。【方法】采用盆栽试验,选择耐Al品种‘华春2号’和普通品种‘华春6号’,在0.3 g/kg Al胁迫处理下,施加不同剂量的ZnO NPs(0、25、50、100和150 mg/kg),探究ZnO NPs对大豆生理指标(鲜质量、根长和叶绿素含量)、总超氧化物歧化酶(Total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)活性和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)浓度的影响。【结果】Al胁迫显著降低了‘华春6号’的鲜质量和根长,显著增加了其MDA浓度。对于‘华春2号’,Al胁迫显著增加了其叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量,而对其他指标无明显影响。无Al胁迫条件下施用ZnO NPs,均提高了‘华春6号’和‘华春2号’的鲜质量、根长和T-SOD活性。而在Al胁迫下施加不同剂量的ZnO NPs使‘华春6号’的鲜质量和根长分别增加13.2%～100.4%和7...