重瓣曼陀罗对粘虫和蚜虫的杀虫活性研究

研究了盛花期重瓣曼陀罗不同部位不同极性溶剂粗提物对粘虫、蚜虫的杀虫活性,结果表明,在重瓣曼陀罗不同部位不同极性溶剂粗提物中,对粘虫的触杀作用以石油醚粗提物为最强,死亡率达48.67%;其次是乙酸乙酯粗提物,死亡率达35.33%。不同部位的甲醇粗提物对粘虫无拒食作用;不同部位不同极性溶剂粗提物对粘虫卵基本无杀伤作用。对桃蚜和棉蚜的触杀作用以种子的乙酸乙酯粗提物为最好,死亡率为45.15%～61.75%;其次为石油醚粗提物,死亡率为22.06%～58.42%。对麦长管蚜的触杀作用以种子的石油醚粗提物为最好,可达41.71%;其次是乙酸乙酯粗提物,死亡率为32.85%。     

Structural changes in lignin of tropical woods during digestion by termite, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptotermes brevis</Emphasis>

Wood samples of apitong (Dipterocarpus grandiflorua) and ilang-ilang (Ilang-Ilang C. dadloyi) and feces of termites [Cryptotermes brevis (Walker)] fed on these woods were collected from University of the Philippines, Los Baňos. Lignin of each sample was isolated by Björkman’s procedure. There was no significant difference in ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra or in the methoxyl content between Björkman lignins from original woods and termite feces. Differences were detected in the contents of aliphatic and unconjugated phenolic hydroxyl groups, suggesting minor structural changes of lignin during digestion by termites. In addition, the ratio of syringyl to guaiacyl nuclei of Björkman lignin from termite feces determined by ¹H NMR spectra was higher than those from the original woods. The molar ratio of syringyl to guaiacyl nuclei of termite feces was higher than those from the original woods as determined by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation. These results suggest that the structural changes of lignin in the termite gut are due to the insignificant formation of C-C linkages in guaiacyl nuclei. It was concluded that there were minor changes in the structural features of lignin under mostly anaerobic conditions, in contrast to the significant changes that occur through biological modification under aerobic conditions.     

中国捕食粘虫的步甲种类检索

本文报道了中国捕食粘虫的步甲38种,其中10种为过去未曾报道过,分别为：麻步甲Carabus brandti Faldermann,侧步甲C．latreillei Fischer,黄斑青步甲Chlaenius micans Fabricius,后斑青步甲Ch．posticalis Motschulsky,彩角青步甲Ch．touzalini Andrewes,小短背步甲Curtonotus fodinae(Mannerheim),巨短背步甲C．giganetus(Motschulsky),毛婪步甲Harpalus griseus(Panzer),单齿婪步甲H．simplicidens Schauberger和黑足婪步甲H．roninus Bates。文中给出38种步甲的分类检索表及每个种的地理分布。     

杂交水稻高产节氮栽培对二化螟发生危害的影响

对杂交水稻高产节氮栽培试验中的不同栽培模式,缓释尿素(SCU)及不同类型肥料,普通尿素不同施氮水平及施肥方式等,对二化螟的发生危害的影响进行比较研究。结果表明:优化栽培和轻简栽培,缓释尿素(SCU)和其他几种新型肥及配方肥都能减轻二化螟的发生危害,普通氮肥施氮过多则加重危害。杂交水稻高产节氮栽培,一般施纯N杂交稻150~180 kg/hm2,超级杂交稻195~225 kg/hm2较为适宜。坚持科学施用氮肥,推广应用控缓释肥和适氮适磷钾复合肥,不仅使水稻获得高产,而且可减轻病虫危害,减少因氮肥流失而造成的浪费和污染。     

几种杀虫剂防治三化螟药效试验

为筛选出替代甲胺磷等5种高毒剧毒农药品种,进行几种杀虫剂防治三化螟药效对比试验。试验表明：每1hm^2使用5%锐劲特SC300ml＋30%敌百虫EC1500ml、5%锐劲特SC300ml＋48%乐斯本EC1500ml、5%锐劲特SC450ml防治三化螟的防效显著,其中以每1hm^2使用5%锐劲特SC300ml＋30%敌百虫EC1500ml的成本较低,防效达94.5%;混合农药又是克服害虫抗药性的重要手段;可作为替代甲胺磷等五种高毒剧毒农药的理想药剂配方,用于防治水稻三化螟。     

黄杨绢野螟的生物学研究

黄杨绢野螟（Diaphania perspectalis(Walker)是园林中多种黄杨Buxus spp．的食叶害虫，暴发时可吃光叶片，甚至造成大量植株死亡。此虫体色有黑白和全黑二型。一年发生4代(局部个体一年发生1～3代)，以幼虫缀合叶片成果越冬，次年春暖后恢复取食，4月下旬越冬代成虫开始出现。第1、2、3代成虫分别于6月上旬、7月下旬、9月上旬开始出现。幼虫6～8龄，有兼性滞育现象，1～3代均有部分个体滞育。与4代幼虫一起越冬。此虫各虫态有多种天敌：幼虫期育出甲腹茧蜂Chelonus sp．、绢野螟长绒茧蜂Dolichogenidea stantoni(Ashmead)，蛹期育出广大腿小蜂Brachymeria lasus(Walker)，并采到捕食卵粒的纹蓟马Aeolothrips sp．和多种捕食幼虫和成虫的游猎性蜘蛛(种属待查)。保护天敌对控制黄杨绢野螟的为害有重要意义。     

Management Strategies of Free-Roaming Horses in Alberta Compared with Other Jurisdictions

Management strategies of free-roaming species are subject to polarizing debates around the world. This paper provides perspectives on free-roaming horse management strategies practiced in Alberta and compares them against national management strategies used in Canada and internationally (United States and Australia) to illustrate importance of science-based and socially inclusive management schemes. Owing to their pluralistic status as an introduced and culturally significant species of western Canada, free-roaming horse populations are a contentious environmental management issue in Alberta. Some stakeholders (e.g., indigenous people, horse and animal rights advocates) believe the government aims to extirpate free-roaming horses in favor of cattle grazing. However, the Albertan government and ranchers believe it is important to conserve and manage free-roaming horse populations for all land users while minimizing adverse environmental effects in sensitive foothill and mountain grasslands and associated riparian areas in Alberta. Despite this contention, a systematic approach that is mindful of the history and cultural value of horses to society is required to properly manage this species. Best management practices from case studies were used to compare against four main concerns identified from the literature of free-roaming horse management used in Alberta. Concerns include 1) cultural heritage values, 2) free-roaming (or wild) horse designation, 3) lack of scientifically rigorous population monitoring, and 4) societal considerations. Ecological effects of free-roaming horses and human dimensions of their management are discussed. It is recommended that lessons learned from other jurisdictions be applied to free-roaming horse management in Alberta to provide a more holistic framework as the government develops a “feral horse management strategy.”     

新余市马尾松毛虫的发生及防治对策

报道了马尾松毛虫在新余市历年来的发生情况及生活史，探讨了该虫的发生原因，根据该市实际情况总结并提出了综防对策。     

浙江省马尾松毛虫抗药性监测

由于化学防治马尾松毛虫的历史较久,马尾松毛虫(Dendrolimus punctatus Walker)产生了抗药性,拟除虫菊酯类新农药具有高效、低毒、低残留等优良特性,但自1981年使用以来,其杀虫效果不断降低,而用药量逐渐增加。我们自1984—1986年对全省12个县、20多个地方作了马尾松毛虫抗药性监测工作。结果表明:松毛虫对拟除虫菊酯类的抗药性与过去使用有机氯、有机磷等农药的量成正相关,合理控制拟除虫菊酯类农药的用量能延缓抗性的发生。     

马尾松毛虫种群动态研究

编著论述了浙江省马尾松毛虫等３种松毛虫的生物学特性，分析了决定马尾松毛虫种群数量的雌性比、产卵量和死亡率３个因子，指出马尾松毛虫雌性有其遗传因素，其性别早在胚胎发育的卵期已经形成，食料的丰歉与质量、食料树种的不同，不同农药化学防治处理、气温的变化都将影响雌雄虫的比例。