Effects of shade,altitude and management on multiple ecosystem services in coffee agroecosystems

Agroforestry systems provide diverse ecosystem services that contribute to farmer livelihoods and the conservation of natural resources. Despite these known benefits, there is still limited understanding on how shade trees affect the provision of multiple ecosystem services at the same time and the potential trade-offs or synergies among them. To fill this knowledge gap, we quantified four major ecosystem services (regulation of pests and diseases; provisioning of agroforestry products; maintenance of soil fertility; and carbon sequestration) in 69 coffee agroecosystems belonging to smallholder farmers under a range of altitudes (as representative of environmental conditions) and management conditions, in the region of Turrialba, Costa Rica. We first analyzed the individual effects of altitude, types of shade and management intensity and their interactions on the provision of ecosystem services. In order to identify potential trade-offs and synergies, we then analyzed bivariate relationships between different ecosystem services, and between individual ecosystem services and plant biodiversity. We also explored which types of shade provided better levels of ecosystem services. The effectiveness of different types of shade in providing ecosystem services depended on their interactions with altitude and coffee management, with different ecosystem services responding differently to these factors. No trade-offs were found among the different ecosystem services studied or between ecosystem services and biodiversity, suggesting that it is possible to increase the provision of multiple ecosystem services at the same time. Overall, both low and highly diversified coffee agroforestry systems had better ability to provide ecosystem services than coffee monocultures in full sun. Based on our findings, we suggest that coffee agroforestry systems should be designed with diversified, productive shade canopies and managed with a medium intensity of cropping practices, with the aim of ensuring the continued provision of multiple ecosystem services.     

以农林复合为核心的林业科技示范与推广研究

本文拟在通过实用技术组装，实施混农林业模式，达到既要治理已退化的石漠化生态环境，又要促进以调整结构品种为主的产业结构调整，使农民增产、增收，脱贫致富。     

生物多样性与我国的农业复合经营

本文从生物多样性的观点出发，论述了农林业复合经营的概念和内容，世界农林业复合经营产业的背景、过程以及研究方向。讨论了我国农林复合经营取得了巨大成就及存在的问题，同时指出了我国农林业复合经营的发展前景。     

Quantity and quality of organic inputs from coppicing leguminous trees influence abundance of soil macrofauna in maize crops in eastern Zambia

Soil invertebrates are the major determinants of soil processes such as organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. However, the effect of quantity and quality of organic inputs on soil biota has not been studied in agroforestry systems in southern Africa. Variations in soil macrofauna abundance under maize grown in fallows of Gliricidia sepium, Acacia anguistissima, Leucaena collinsii, Leucaena diversifolia, Leucaena esculenta, Leucaena pallida, Senna siamea, Calliandra calothyrsus and monoculture maize were assessed at three sites with contrasting agro-ecological conditions in eastern Zambia. It was hypothesised that spatial variations in soil macrofauna abundance under maize crops are mediated by heterogeneity in the quality and quantity of organic inputs produced by these legumes. The relationships between the abundance of macrofauna groups and litter, leaf, stump re-sprout and recycled biomass, stump survival and the quality index lignin (L)+polyphenol (P) to nitrogen (N) ratio were assessed using generalised linear models assuming spatial randomness (Poisson distribution) and aggregation (negative binomial distribution). Earthworms, beetles and millipedes showed spatial aggregation, which was partly explained by the heterogeneity in organic resource quantity and quality. Earthworms and beetles were more abundant under legumes that produced high quantities of biomass with low (L + P) to N ratios and species that have high stump survival after coppicing. Millipedes were favoured by species which produced high quantities of biomass with high (L + P) to N ratios. Although ants and termites showed spatial aggregation, their distributions were not influenced by the quantity or quality of biomass produced by the legumes. Centipedes and Arachnida showed spatial randomness, and their distribution was not influenced by any of the organic quality and quantity variables.     

Effect of agroforestry woody species on earthworm activity and physicochemical properties of worm casts

The effects of five agroforestry woody species (Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea andTreculia africana) on the surface aasting activity ofHyperiodrilus africanus were studied in an Alfisol (Oxic Paleustalf) in southwestern Nigeria. Casting activity under the woody species decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp. (26.4 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Gliricidia sp. (24.4 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Treculia sp. (22.9 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Leucaena sp. (18.6 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Senna sp. (18.3 Mg ha^-1 year^-1). These differences in casting activity were partly explained by microclimatic effects. Irrespective of the woody species, the worm casts were higher in clay and silt contents, bulk density, water-stable aggregates, pH, organic C, exchangeable cations, effective cation exchange capacity, and extractable P levels than the corresponding surface soils. The woody species did affect the physicochemical properties and P sorption of the worm casts. The content of water-stable aggregates of worm casts decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp.>Treculia sp.>Senna sp.>Leucaena sp.>Gliricidia sp. Large differences in extractable P levels were observed.Senna sp. was associated with the highest extractable P level (11.5 mg kg^-1) andTreculia sp. the lowest (4.9 mg kg^-1). P sorption was highest on worm casts underDactyladenia sp. and lowest on those underTreculia sp. Without fertilizer application, there were no significant differences in the dry weight of maize grown in the different worm casts. With NPK applications, the dry weight of maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was significantly lower than that of maize grown in the other worm casts, mainly due to the low extractable P level. Despite a high organic C and exchangeable K status, maize grown in the worm casts still responded significantly to N and K applications. The N uptake by maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was lower than that in the other treatments.     

Interactions of formal and informal knowledge systems in village-based tree management in central India

This study critiques the idea of a Western science -- indigenous knowledge dichotomy in agricultural knowledge by examining the hybrid nature of knowledge use and incorporation by villagers in Madhya Pradesh, India. By analyzing knowledge systems as multi-leveled structures consisting of concrete practices linked to more abstract, explanatory concepts, this paper illustrates how information from multiple sources is integrated into local bodies of knowledge about tree management. Practices such as urea fertilization from formal global science might be explained by concepts such as that of a hot/cold duality from informal folk science. Similarly, other pieces of knowledge stemming from diverse knowledge systems are shown to become mixed and matched on practical and conceptual levels. Additionally, several knowledge elements used locally appear to be held in common by many knowledge systems around the world, rendering the determination of their origins in one system or another nearly impossible. These observations lead to the conclusion that local knowledge systems of tree management are better characterized as open systems rather than distinct, closed systems. Furthermore, the constant exchange of material between formal and informal, local and global systems renders untenable any strict dichotomy of knowledge systems.     

农林复合生态系统研究综述

综述了农林复合生态系统的概念和内容,国内外有关农林复合生态系统的研究进展,展望了我国农林复合生态系统的发展前景.     

黄河三角洲地区农林复合经营模式构建技术及效益分析

进行了枣粮间作与单纯作物种植之间的产量和产值比较分析 ,结果表明以枣粮间作为主的农林复合经营模式在黄河三角洲地区新淤地上是可行的。前 5年的经济效益比对照平均提高 1.56% ,可见经济效益显著。通过栽植枣树可以形成农田防护林带 ,提高土壤植被覆盖率 ,减少土壤蒸发 ,有效地抑制土壤返盐。因而 ,该法具有很高的生态效益。在枣树配置结构的三种处理间 ,第一种处理 ,即枣树双行栽植 ,株行距为 3m× 3m ,枣行间距为 9m ,优于第二、第三种处理     

不同林农复合经营模式的生物量比较研究

研究了安徽省具有代表性的不同林粮和林茶复合模式的生物量。结果表明,各林粮复合模式生物量存在极显著差异,农作物的生物量大于林木的生物量,枫香-花生模式有利于花生的生长,马褂木-花生模式有利于后期总生物量的累积;各林茶复合模式生物量也存在极显著差异,总生物量大小顺序为香樟>栾树>枫香;林木生物量在各器官中分配树种间存有差异,幼树表现为树根或枝叶大于树干,树干的比例随着树龄的增大而增加,根系和枝叶相对减少。     

低丘红壤南酸枣-花生复合系统物种间水肥光竞争的研究--Ⅰ.南酸枣与花生生育性状及产量研究

低丘红壤实施南酸枣与花生农林复合种植模式可促进南酸枣生长,花生单作产量及其复合经营总平均单产随土壤熟化而逐年提高,但复合种植花生生育性状在第2年后受南酸枣影响而发生变化,其产量和生物量呈递减趋势。