苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省潜在危害性风险分析和管理对策

苹果小吉丁虫是果树危险性蛀干害虫之一,已给国内部分地区的栽植苹果以及新疆的野苹果造成了巨大的损失。目前陕西部分地区已发现苹果小吉丁虫危害,为明确苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的主要苹果产区的风险程度,以制定科学合理的管理对策。参考国际上有害生物风险分析程序和分析方法,结合苹果小吉丁虫寄主在陕西省的分布情况,对苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的风险性进行了综合评估。苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的风险性R值为2.42,该吉丁虫在陕西省属于高度危险性有害生物。针对苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的高度危险性,提出了加强检疫、监测预防和风险管理等的管理对策。     

苹果树腐烂病菌T-DNA插入突变体的筛选及Vmzfp3基因的功能分析

本研究采用接种离体枝条的方法,对150个苹果树腐烂病菌的T-DNA插入突变体库中的突变体进行了致病性的筛选,经过多次试验得到了3个致病力明显减弱的突变体,编号为X4379,X4368,X4468。基因组重测序结果显示,突变体X4379有2个T-DNA插入位点,分别是锌指蛋白3(Vmzfp3)和跨膜蛋白42(Vmtme42)。以苹果树腐烂病菌的全基因组序列为依托,设计引物,构建敲除载体以及互补表达载体。运用PEG的方法转化苹果树腐烂病菌,分别获得Vmzfp3和Vmtme42的敲除转化子和互补转化子。对Vmzfp3和Vmtme42基因敲除转化子、互补转化子以及野生型苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝形态和致病力进行分析。与野生型菌株03-8相比,Vmzfp3的敲除转化子的菌丝生长速率明显减慢,致病力也明显下降,其互补转化子使得这些功能缺陷均得以恢复。Vmtme42的敲除转化子无明显区别。由此证明基因Vmzfp3对病菌的菌丝生长,病菌的致病力具有调控作用。     

山东肥城单植桃园食心虫发生与为害规律

为了明确食心虫在山东肥城单植桃园的生活史和对肥桃的为害,对其在该园中成虫发生动态、幼虫为害和越冬规律进行了调查研究。结果表明:桃小食心虫、桃蛀螟、梨小食心虫在山东肥城单植桃园中一年分别发生2代、3代、5代,都具有世代重叠现象,其中梨小食心虫发生数量大,对肥桃为害最为严重。幼龄桃园与老龄桃园的折梢率分别为13.70%与24.20%,但两者差异不显著;在幼龄桃园中,5、6、7月份间折梢率存在显著性差异,分别为1.80%、5.40%、33.80%,老龄桃园中,5月份的折梢率(9.20%)显著低于6、7月份的折梢率(29.40%、34.00%);肥桃树东、西、南、北、中不同方位的折梢率没有显著差异性,分别为23.00%、22.80%、25.80%、27.00%、22.00%。水蜜桃树6月份和7月份虫果率分别为10.40%和12.20%,差异不显著,其在东、西、南、北、中不同方位的分布也无显著性差异。     

合成辛酸蔗糖酯的杀虫活性

以蔗糖为原料,减压酯交换法合成辛酸蔗糖酯。大豆蚜虫室内防治试验表明,在施药5 d后,4、8mg/mL两个浓度处理的校正虫口减退率就达到80%左右,效果较好。烟粉虱大田防治试验表明,辛酸蔗糖酯对烟粉虱卵、低龄若虫、伪蛹及成虫防效优异,对成虫击倒速度快,防治效果可达到80%以上。由于合成辛酸蔗糖酯具有较高的杀虫活性,而且对人畜无害,原料来源丰富,成本合理,附加值较大,环境友善,可发生自然降解,对环境无污染,极具应用前景。     

生防菌BS-315对苹果斑点落叶病菌的防治作用

[目的]研究生防菌BS-315对苹果斑点落叶病菌（Alternaria mali）的抑菌活性、在苹果叶片上的定殖能力以及一些化学农药对生防菌的影响。[方法]采集松本锦苹果健叶,进行离体叶片试验、定殖试验,并进行不同农药对生防菌的影响试验。[结果]枯草芽孢杆菌BS-315对苹果斑点落叶病菌表现出较强的抑制作用,在叶片上涂抹菌体1 d后接病原菌,3 d后抑制效果在90%以上。BS-315能够在松本锦苹果叶片中定殖,定殖量在接种3 d后最大。4种杀菌剂浓度均为田间使用浓度,其中嘧菌酯和多抗霉素对BS-315的生长有一定的促进作用,而多菌灵和丙环唑则完全抑制BS-315的生长。[结论]该研究可为生防制剂的研发和合理使用提供理论依据。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂结合自走式高秆作物喷雾机防治玉米螟的效果

为探索防治二代玉米螟幼虫的新技术,在田间释放松毛虫赤眼蜂后,应用自走式高秆作物喷雾机喷药防治玉米螟.结果表明,此综合技术防治玉米螟的平均防治效果达64.22％,挽回玉米产量损失率11.20％,而仅用赤眼蜂防治一代玉米螟的平均防治效果为56.95％,挽回玉米产量损失率9.25％.因此,自走式高秆作物喷雾机喷药对玉米螟二代幼虫有控制效果.松毛虫赤眼蜂结合自走式高秆作物喷雾机喷药的综合防治技术能够减少田间玉米螟一代和二代幼虫数量,在玉米螟多代发生区可根据玉米螟发生情况和粮食生产的需要进行选用.     

多效灵防治苹果树腐烂病试验

本试验对多效灵防治苹果树腐烂病进行研究．试验结果表明：多效灵５０倍液当年防效为１００％，次年防效为９０．１％；多效灵１００倍液当年防效为８３．５％，次年防效为７９．９％。均显著高于福美砷的防治效果。     

Nitrogen Fixation,Ureide, and Nitrate Accumulation Responses to Soybean Aphid Injury in Glycine max

There is little information available about soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) effects on the physiology and mineral nutrition of soybean (Glycine max [L.] merr.). Controlled-environment studies were conducted to measure soybean aphid infestation effects on dry weight, nitrogen (N) fixation, ureide-N, and nitrate-N concentration and accumulation. Plants grown in perlite using –N nutrient solution culture were infested at the 3rd trifoliolate (V3) stage and measured for N fixation, nodule characteristics, and ureide-N concentration at the full pod (R4) stage. When compared to uninfested control plants, aphid infestation reduced total nodule volume per plant by 34%, nodule leghemoglobin per plant by 31%, plant N fixation rate by 80% and shoot ureide-N concentration by 20%. Soil-grown plants were infested at the first trifoliolate (V1) stage and shoots were measured for dry weight, nitrate-N, and ureide-N at the full bloom (R2) stage. Infestation reduced shoot dry weight by 63%, increased nitrate-N concentration by 75%, but did not significantly affect ureide-N concentration. Because nutrient concentration is a single-point measurement that results from the integration of two dynamic processes, nutrient accumulation and dry matter production, we conclude that aphid-induced reductions in N fixation, coupled with decreased dry weight accumulation, caused shoot ureide-N concentration to remain unchanged in aphid-injured plants when compared to uninfested plants. Because nitrate-N concentration was greater in aphid-damaged shoot tissue, we further conclude that nitrate-N accumulation was less sensitive to aphid injury than dry weight accumulation.     

Detection of Thiophanate-methyl-resistant Strains in Diplocarpon mail, Causal Fungus of Apple Blotch

Isolates of Diplocarpon mali, causal fungus of apple blotch, collected from four prefectures in Japan in 1997–1998 were tested for sensitivity to thiophanate-methyl. Results from mycelial growth tests showed that MIC values of the fungicide were 0.19 μg/ml against all isolates from Akita, Nagano and Saga prefectures but 100 or 200 μg/ml against all isolates from the Tokusa area in Yamaguchi prefecture. Detached apple leaves sprayed with the fungicide developed severe symptoms when inoculated with the isolate from Tokusa, but developed no symptoms with the isolate from Nagano. These results are the first confirmation of thiophanate-methyl-resistant strains in D. mali. Received 1 September 1999/ Accepted in revised form 15 October 1999     

三种叶蝉触角化感器扫描电镜观察

采用扫描电子显微镜对黑尾叶蝉Nephotettix cincticeps(Uhler)、甘蔗叶蝉Exitianus indicus(Distant)和尼氏铲头叶蝉Hecalus nitobei(Matsumura)3种叶蝉昆虫成虫触角感器进行了观察。结果表明,3种叶蝉触角上有1种毛形感器、1种鳞形感器,其感器数量和分布在雌雄两性个体间相似。