闽西北山区几种阔叶树种造林效果评价研究

在福建三明市梅列区陈大镇棕南进行山乌桕等24个乡土阔叶树种山地造林对比试验,4年生结果显示,24个树种间的造林成活率、树高、胸径、冠幅生长量均存在极显著差异,表明山地造林成功的关键技术之一是树种选择。24种乡土阔叶树种的高生长与胸径（地径）生长均表现出极显著的正相关（P〈0.0001）。根据各树种的造林成活率与生长量的综合表现,山乌桕、枫香、山杜英、拟赤杨、石栎、木荷、杨梅在山地造林表现较优,可作为当地营造水土保持林、水源涵养林等生态公益林的首选树种。     

东北落叶松相容性立木材积和地上生物量方程研建

以东北落叶松立木材积和地上生物量数据为例,通过改进模型的结构形式,采用误差变量联立方程组的方法,研究建立了相容的立木材积方程、地上生物量方程及生物量转换函数。结果表明:与常用的非线性模型相比,在材积方程和生物量方程中增加截距常数,能显著改进模型的拟合效果;建立的一元相容性方程,地上生物量和立木材积的预估误差均不超过5%;二元相容性方程,地上生物量的预估误差约为4%,立木材积的预估误差则小于3%。     

太行山区侧柏大规格容器移栽育苗造林成效对比试验

在太行山石质山区采用不同规格容器袋进行侧柏育苗造林对比试验,结果表明,在3月份采用1年生大田裸根苗移栽到13cm×2 0cm的大规格容器内培育10 0～110天后,在7～8月份雨季上山造林,保存率比小规格播种容器(6. 4cm×15cm)苗提高10 %左右。     

半干旱黄土高原生物结皮处理下集水造林的初步研究(英文)

集水措施是干旱半干旱地区解决因降雨少且季节间分配不均带来的水资源短缺的主要措施之一,有关微集水区防渗处理材料及其防渗效果的研究也已广泛开展。本文通过5 年(1992-1996)的野外试验对半干旱黄土高原微集水系统生物结皮覆盖对造林的影响进行了研究。结果表明,结皮接种3 年后,集水区表面大部分为结皮所覆盖,其集水功能已经部分地表现出来。在春季3 个典型时段内浅层土壤含水量与对照相比显著提高(0.05 水平),1m 土层内春季月均含水量均比对照提高了0.9%–6.04%。同时在研究期末(1996 年)结皮处理的样地内树木个体的树高(H)、胸径(DBH)和地径(DGL)均较对照有显著提高(0.05 水平),提高幅度分别为22.38%、17.34%和20.49%。作为一种生物防渗材料,生物结皮具有无污染、自我繁殖、使用期长和投入小等特点,因此很可以作为西部大开发中植被恢复的主要集水材料,进一步的工作应放在干旱环境下当地适宜结皮种类的选择及其快速繁殖技术上。     

吉林省日光温室钢骨架的受力性能研究

针对目前吉林省内稍大跨度的日光温室产品抗风雪能力弱的现状,阐述了7.5~9m跨度钢骨架的几何设计参数、形状参数及选材方法。通过对比分析管材和钢筋的耗钢量、抗弯刚度及抗腐蚀性等特征,确定管材替代钢筋投入日光温室使用能有效提高其经济效益。同时,利用同济大学3D 3 S软件,以8m跨度钢骨架为例,分析了给定结构形式的受力性能及选材截面尺寸,为新建者提供参考。     

铰链式模袋混凝土沉排技术在北杜控导工程中的应用

黄河北杜控导护岸工程,改变了传统的结构形式,采用了模袋混凝土沉排护底,确定冲刷坑深度为９ｍ,根据结构和稳定性分析计算,确定护底宽度为１８．０ｍ,其中锚固长度为４．０ｍ。这种新材料,新结构用于黄河控异工程中,可适应河床冲刷变形,运用中不抢险或少抢险,减轻了抗洪抢险的负担。     

新型无轴承无刷直流电动机结构与模型研究

目前研究的无轴承电机均是将电机和转子悬浮磁路合为一体,两个磁场的叠加一方面容易造成磁饱和,使电机的承载能力下降,影响电机的稳定悬浮;另一方面电磁转矩与径向悬浮力之间具有很强的非线性耦合,而实现解耦控制是非常复杂的。将无刷直流电机的优点与磁悬浮轴承的优点结合,提出一种六自由度可控的无轴承无刷直流电动机结构,通过研究其悬浮原理和运行原理,建立了转子偏心时的精确数学模型和PWM（脉宽调制）调速的精确数学模型,经仿真测试,表明了这种电机结构的合理性。主要特点是承载能力高且电磁转矩控制与径向悬浮力的控制相互独立,无需复杂的非线性解耦控制。     

作物残茬翻埋对土壤性质的影响

Chemical transformation, nutrient release and changes in the energy content of decomposing rape, sunflower and soybean residues confined in buried fiberglass bags were assessed in a laboratory study during a 340-day incubation period. The organic C decreased by about 70% while total N, after initial decay, remained almost constant for each type of residue. The NH₄⁺-N was progressively oxidized and, consequently, the NO₃^--N increased. The C/N ratio narrowed with loss of C. Hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin decreased with different trends for each crop residue. The energy content, was reduced to about 25% in rape, 30% in sunflower and 20% in soybean residues. Total P, K, Ca and Mg contents decreased for each type of residue. The results suggest that the three residues could improve the nutrient pool of the soil.     

Distance to edges, edge contrast and landscape fragmentation: Interactions affecting farmland birds around forest plantations

Afforestation often causes direct habitat losses for farmland birds of conservation concern, but it is uncertain whether negative effects also extend significantly into adjacent open land. Information is thus required on how these species react to wooded edges, and how their responses are affected by edge and landscape characteristics. These issues were examined in Mediterranean arable farmland, using bird counts at 0, 100, 200, 300 and >300 m from oak, pine and eucalyptus edges, embedded in landscapes with variable amounts and spatial configurations of forest plantations. Bird diversity declined away from edges, including that of woodland, farmland and ground-nesting birds. Positive edge responses were also found for overall and woodland bird abundances, and for five of the nine most widespread and abundant species (Galerida larks, stonechat, linnet, goldfinch and corn bunting). Strong negative edge effects were only recorded for steppe birds, with reduced abundances near edges of calandra larks and short-toed larks, but not of little bustards and tawny pipits. Edge contrast affected the magnitude of edge effects, with a tendency for stronger responses to old and tall eucalyptus plantations (hard edges) than to young and short oak plantations (soft edges). There were also species-specific interactions between edge and fragmentation effects, with positive edge responses tending to be strongest in less fragmented landscapes, whereas steppe birds tended to increase faster away from edges and to reach the highest species richness and abundances in large arable patches. Results suggest that forest plantations may increase overall bird diversity and abundance in adjacent farmland, at the expenses of steppe birds of conservation concern. Clustering forest plantations in a few large patches and thus reducing the density of wooded edges at the landscape-scale might reduce such negative impacts.     

大豆荚而不实发生机理及预防措施研究

夏大豆荚而不实是阻碍黄淮平原生态类型区大豆生产发展的一大障碍,为了解决这一问题,进行了10多年研究,基本弄清了该症发生的机理,形成了一套行之有效的防治措施,并在生产中得到推广应用。其结果是：大豆荚而不实大致可分为矮缩、徒长和中间三种类型,这主要是一种因土壤缺硼而引起的生理性病害。据相关分析,土壤有效硼含量与大豆单株空秕荚率呈显著负相关（r=-0.4628*）,籽粒含硼量与单株空秕荚率呈极显著负相关（r=-0.7597**）,无论何种质地的土壤,其有效硼含量与籽粒含硼量均呈极显著正相关（r=0.8295**）。发生荚而不实的环境因素有土壤缺硼、迎茬栽培、施肥不当、气候条件和品种原因等。其主要防治措施为增施硼肥、合理轮作倒茬、应用植物生长调节剂、优化施肥技术及病虫害综合防治等。