Kinetics of Uptake and Metabolism of Atrazine in Model Plant Systems

The present work concerns atrazine absorption and metabolism by corn (Zea mays.) seedlings immersed in an aqueous medium in comparison with Acer pseudoplatanus cell cultures. At the point of equilibrium, the apparent concentration inside the A. pseudoplatanus cells (with a moderate lipid content: 0·17% of dry weight) was about twice that of the medium. This equilibrium was probably due to a simple partition process; part of the atrazine was dissolved in the cell water and reached the same concentration as in the external medium while the rest was concentrated inside the cellular lipids. The theoretical calculation of the lipid/water partition, taking into account the value of log P measured not with the lipids but with octanol (log P=2·5), gave a value of 1·5 for concentration inside the plant material. Such an equilibrium, resulting from a partition process between water and lipids, was also obtained in non-living corn seedlings. In living seedlings, an over-concentration of radioactivity due to [¹⁴C]atrazine derivatives was rapidly obtained inside roots and shoots giving concentrations respectively 7- and 12-fold higher than that of atrazine in the external medium. This was due to very rapid chemical transformation of atrazine into its hydroxy derivatives, especially hydroxyatrazine. This hydrolysis of atrazine in corn was due to the presence of high levels of benzoxazinone derivatives in corn seedling cells. The hydroxylated metabolites were able to concentrate in the cells very rapidly and were unable to diffuse freely into the external medium. As a consequence, this process facilitated the penetration of large quantities of atrazine which became rapidly hydroxylated, allowing therefore the passive penetration of atrazine to be further improved, since the concentration C₁ in the receiver compartment was always close to zero. The passive transfer of atrazine, following Fick's law: dq/dt=-Pa (C₀–C₁), was therefore optimized. © 1997 SCI.     

鸡爪槭（Acer palmatum Thunb.）品种‘赤枫’组培再生体系的建立

鸡爪槭品种‘赤枫’是稀有的生长季观叶,冬季观枝的园林彩化树种。为了建立合理的组培再生体系,在短时期内获得大量种苗,以‘赤枫’带芽茎段为外植体,对其灭菌方式及启动、增殖、生根培养基进行了筛选,并对所获组培苗移栽技术进行了探讨。结果显示：全年中6月份为最佳外植体采集时间,外植体经50%多菌灵400倍液浸1 h后,以75％乙醇30 s+0.1％升汞10 min浸泡处理的灭菌效果最佳。再生体系各阶段最适培养基为：①启动培养：MS+0.5 mg·L-1 IAA;②增殖培养：MS+2.0 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.5 mg·L-1 IAA;③生根培养：1/2MS+0.3 mg·L-1 NAA。组培苗闭瓶炼苗6 d,开瓶炼苗3 d后,移栽到草炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=1∶1∶1的基质中,炼苗成活率可达90%。     

Investigation of change in tangential strain on the inner bark of the stem and root ofBetula platyphylla var.japonica andAcer mono during sap season

Although it is well known that sap exudation during early spring in temperate deciduous trees occurs in response to daytime warming and nighttime cooling, the mechanisms of the process are not yet fully understood. Previous theories suggested that changes in stress in the wood caused by daytime heating and nighttime cooling might be linked with sap flow. Consequently, a study of itaya-kaede maple (Aver mono) and shirakamba birch (Betula platyphylla var.japonica) looked at tangential strains. One-hour intervals for 3 years of the tangential strains on the inner bark of stem and root were measured in itaya-kaede maple and shirakamba birch during the sap exudation season. The measurements indicated different mechanisms of sap exudation in these two trees. During the sap exudation season in late March, when the temperature fluctuated around 0°C, the tangential strain in the root of itaya-kaede maple showed expansion in the daytime and contraction at night. Conversely, in early April the tangential strain in the root of shirakamba birch exhibited contraction in the daytime and expansion at night. The changes in tangential strains in itaya-kaede maple were attributed to conditioning, a known concept used to explain the uptake mechanism of soil water in maple and its exudation during early spring. However, because the change in tangential strain in the roots of shirakamba birch was similar to that found during the rampant season, sap exudation was not attributed to conditioning but to the plentiful supply of water from the roots. The implications of these mechanisms are that different sap harvesting techniques may be appropriate for different tree species.     

‘金叶’复叶槭全光照喷雾嫩枝扦插繁殖技术

为加快‘金叶’复叶槭种苗繁殖,充分利用河南省农业科学院所属的彩叶树种驯化基地的扦插设施,探索‘金叶’复叶槭嫩枝扦插繁殖技术。嫩枝扦插具有生根迅速、成活率高、穗条来源丰富等优点,但扦插设施和基质的选择则是嫩枝扦插成功的关键。利用全光照自动喷雾系统,以纯珍珠岩做基质进行‘金叶’复叶槭嫩枝扦插,以提高其生根率和成活率。扦插结果表明,生根率和成活率均达95%以上,其烂根率几乎为零。因此,以纯珍珠岩做基质通过全光照喷雾嫩枝扦插进行无性繁殖,是实现‘金叶’复叶槭规模化快繁的一种有效途径。     

元宝枫苗木生长性状变异的研究

分别在云南威达元宝枫产业开发有限公司的元宝枫种植基地(位于昆明市晋宁县)的山脊、坡地和平地,对元宝枫1年生和2年生苗木群体的株高、地径及叶片数进行调查和数据分析,结果表明,各苗木群体在此3个生长性状上均存在极丰富的变异。其株高变异系数为47.838%~70.890%,地径变异系数为42.505%~57.497%,叶片数变异系数为60.698%~68.140%。苗木经移栽消除植株的密集生长竞争和环境差异后,该苗木的生长性状依然表现出“优者更优,劣者更劣”的趋势,表明元宝枫苗木生长性状所存在的丰富变异主要是基因型差异造成的。据此,对元宝枫进行早期优株选择是可行的。     

四种园林树木抗寒性的比较分析

 以灯台树、复叶槭、流苏和山桐子幼树1年生休眠枝条为材料, 研究了不同冷冻处理条件下枝条的相对电导率和钾离子(K⁺ ) 相对渗出率, 利用Logistic方程计算了各树种的半致死温度(LT₅₀ ) , 并通过苗木生长恢复试验进行了验证。结果表明: 山桐子、复叶槭、流苏和灯台树4种枝条的相对电导率和K+相对渗出率均随处理温度的降低而呈“S”形上升, 其枝条的LT₅₀分别为- 11.5℃、- 24.9℃、- 20.7℃和- 29.8℃; 其抗寒性顺序依次为: 灯台树>复叶槭>流苏>山桐子, 与枝条恢复生长的试验结果基本一致。     

皂荚和五角枫挥发性物质组成及其对空气微生物的抑制作用

利用动态顶空法收集和TC - TGC - MS (热脱附—气相色谱/质谱联用技术) 分析鉴定了两种绿化树种皂荚和五角枫茎叶的挥发物组分, 采用自然沉降法测定了植物挥发物对空气微生物生长的影响。结果表明: 乙酸- 3 - 己烯酯和乙酸庚酯的含量在皂荚和五角枫中分别为最高的, 癸醛、苯甲醛、trans - 2- 己烯醛、壬醛、1 - 辛醇、正戊醇、3 - 己烯醇为二者共有的组分; 微生物试验表明皂荚和五角枫林地微生物含量明显低于空旷地。乙酸- 3 - 己烯酯、乙酸庚酯、壬醛、己醛、trans - 2 - 己烯醛、1 - 辛醇、正戊醇、3 - 己烯醇8种单体对细菌和真菌有明显的抑制作用, 且乙酸- 3 - 己烯酯的抑菌能力大于乙酸庚酯,因而揭示了皂荚和五角枫林带细菌和真菌少的原因。     

元宝枫木质部栓塞化与木质部汁液激素含量的关系

通过盆栽法,对1 a生元宝枫实生苗进行不同的干旱处理,然后应用冲洗法和ELISA法对其枝条的木质部栓塞和木质部汁液中ABA及IAA含量进行了研究.结果表明,元宝枫枝条的木质部栓塞化与木质部汁液中ABA含量呈正相关、与木质部汁液中IAA含量呈负相关、与木质部汁液中ABA/IAA比值呈显著正相关.     

元宝枫、雪松挥发物释放的昼夜节律

【目的】元宝枫、雪松是华北地区常见的绿化树种,阔叶树和针叶树的典型代表,研究其挥发物释放规律并分析其对环境的影响,通过树种合理配置,科学指导绿地游憩林建设,创造更有利于人体健康的绿地环境。【方法】采用固相微萃取结合气质联用仪( SPME-GC-MS),选择生长健康的多年生元宝枫、雪松植株,摘取当年生向阳叶片与枝叶,在7月中旬从8：00—次日5：00,每隔3 h测定其挥发物成分与含量,同时同步测定植株生长环境的温度与湿度。采用 SPSS软件对各数据进行整理分析。【结果】1)元宝枫叶片挥发物主要成分是 C6,C8的酯、醇、醛和萜烯类化合物,乙酸叶醇酯、乙酸己酯、3－己烯醇、3－己烯醛和β－石竹烯约占挥发物总量的70.0%以上,使叶片呈现青叶香。各化合物的释放规律不同,主要成分 C8酯类化合物释放高峰在14：00,低谷在5：00; C15倍半萜类化合物释放呈现“2峰2谷”型,高峰在17：00和5：00左右,低谷出现在8：00和23：00左右。相关分析表明,3－己烯醛与3－己烯醇极显著正相关,乙酸叶醇酯与3－己烯醛、3－己烯醇极显著负相关,其他挥发物间无显著相关。2)雪松枝叶挥发物主要是萜烯类物质,相对含量达84.0%以上,主要成分是α、β－蒎烯、β－月桂烯、D －柠檬烯、β－石竹烯、吉马烯 D,使雪松枝叶呈现树脂香。各化合物的释放规律亦不同,大多数单萜物质如α、β－蒎烯、β－月桂烯、D－柠檬烯等,释放高峰在14：00左右,低谷出现在23：00—次日2：00;倍半萜类物质如β－石竹烯、吉马烯 D释放高峰在17：00和2：00,23：00和5：00则达最低。相关分析表明,α、β－蒎烯、β－月桂烯、D －柠檬烯等4种单萜化合物相关性较高;β－石竹烯与吉马烯 D 极显著相关,与单萜无显著相关。3)挥发物的释放除具有昼夜节律外也受到外界环境的影响,相关分析表明,挥发物总峰面积与温度呈正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关。【结论】元宝枫叶片挥发物以 C8的酯类为主,雪松枝叶挥发物以 C10,C15的萜烯类为主,这与挥发物合成途径有关,各挥发物释放具有不同的昼夜节律性。通常在一定范围内随温度升高、相对湿度减小,挥发物释放量增加。     

建始槭引种与栽培技术研究

建始槭（Acer henryi Pax）是我国特有的槭树科野生彩叶树种。为了使这种珍贵的树种资源尽早得到开发利用,在对该树种资源分布及原产地生境调查基础上,开展了生态适应性、种子发芽特性、苗木生长规律等研究。结果表明：建始槭具有耐寒、抗高温、耐碱性土壤及喜光等特性。建始槭种子为浅休眠种子,干藏和沙藏均能发芽,但沙藏120 d的种子发芽快且整齐,发芽率高（89.6％）。建始槭1～5年生种子苗高生长量第2年和第3年最大,年净生长量分别为109.6 cm和123.3 cm,第4年后逐年下降;年内月生长表现为“慢－快－慢”的规律,生长高峰出现在6－8月。地径生长量第1年较小,第2－5年较快,均在1 cm以上;3～5年生苗月生长亦表现为“慢－快－慢”的规律,生长高峰出现在7－9月。表明在河南低海拔平原地区及省内外相似生态类型区进行建始槭引种栽培和应用是切实可行的。