黄河6条支流域非点源污染分布现状

对黄河流域6条支流域的土壤、河床泥沙、河流水体的非点源污染物荷载量进行了测定。结果表明,在黄河6条支流域土壤中,洛河流域硝态氮含量高达45.2 m g/kg,远高于其他流域;渭河、洛河、泾河流域土壤的铵态氮、有机质、全氮和全磷含量均高于无定河、窟野河、皇甫川流域,其中洛河流域土壤铵态氮含量最高,窟野河流域最低;无定河、窟野河、皇甫川流域土壤pH值高于渭河、洛河、泾河流域。各流域泥沙中硝态氮含量以渭河中的最高,并远高于其他河流;皇甫川流域泥沙中铵态氮含量最高,其次是泾河流域,窟野河流域最低;与土壤相比较,6条支流域泥沙中的铵态氮含量明显高于土壤,硝态氮含量明显低于土壤。渭河和泾河流域泥沙中的全氮含量差异较小,但均高于其余4条支流域。流域泥沙中全磷含量总体差异不大;泥沙中的有机质含量由高到低依次为:窟野河流域>泾河流域>渭河流域>洛河流域>皇甫川流域>无定河流域;窟野河流域泥沙中的硝态氮、铵态氮、全磷和全氮含量在6条流域泥沙中都是最低的,但有机质含量在6条河流中却最高。水体中pH值以无定河流域的最大,渭河流域水体最小;渭河流域水体硝态氮含量最高;铵态氮含量以泾河水体中最高,窟野河最低;泾河水体的高锰酸盐指数远高于其他河流;6条河流水体的COD指数与高锰酸盐指数在6条河流中的差异趋势基本一致。     

湿沉淀对采汞地区山地土壤中汞的影响

There is abundance of Mercury mine resurces in the Fanjinshan Mountain,Mining mercury has a long history there,The concentration of geseous Hg produced in smelting He reaches 20-50mg/m^3 in the tail gas.Because mercury element is an easily transferring microelement,the paper talks about the effect of mercury in Hg mining in Guizhou Province on alpine soil,analyses Hg content in alpine soil at 2000 m of relative elevation in the Hg mining area,and explores for causes of the Hg pollution.     

黄土高原沟壑区土壤侵蚀评价指标体系——以中国王东沟流域为例

The Wangdonggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau in China was selected as the study area to develop a model for soil erosion assessments. Using the data collected at 20 sampling sites all tentatively selected indicators were assessed against their corresponding erosion intensity through a correlation analysis. Eight highly correlated indicators were then chosen for the soil erosion assessment. In addition, threshold limits to delineate the class size for these indicators and weights to rank them were determined. Next, a grading model incorporating the selected indicators class rating and their associated weights was developed and verified by an on site evaluation of the soil erosion intensity in the study area. Results of the verification showed that the overall accuracy of the indicator system for assessing soil erosion in the Loess Plateau gully regions could reach 85%.     

几种利用方式下酸性硫酸盐土的环境风险及其连锁效应

研究并比较了不同利用方式下酸性硫酸盐土酸形态和铝形态的结构特征，分析了硫形态与酸形态、酸形态与铝形态之间的相关性。研究发现，酸性硫酸盐土的不同利用类型中，土壤酸度由大到小依次为：鱼塘塘基、荒稻田＞稻田＞荒旱地＞改良稻田＞蔗田＞红树林迹地；活性铝含量由高到低依次为：荒旱地＞鱼塘塘基、荒稻田＞稻田＞改良稻田＞蔗田＞红树林迹地。土壤酸度和铝形态含量的层间差异较为显著，多数随深度增加呈逐渐上升的趋势。酸性硫酸盐土中的硫形态－酸－铝形态之间有明显的连锁关系。     

铜污染土壤修复的有机调控研究I.可溶性有机物和EDTA对污染红壤铜的释放作用

通过吸附-解吸试验和室内培养试验研究了EDTA和猪粪可溶性有机物(DOM)对红壤铜吸附-解吸特性的影响及对污染红壤铜的释放作用。结果表明,外加EDTA可明显降低红壤对铜的吸附率和解吸率;吸附率和解吸率与加入的EDTA含碳量的对数呈极显著的负相关。猪粪DOM在加入量小于21.9mgL^-1C时红壤铜吸附率、解吸率显著降低,符合直线方程;大于21.9 mgL^-1C时则使红壤铜吸附率、解吸率逐渐增大,可以对数方程拟合,相关性达到极显著水平。EDTA对污染红壤铜的释放作用随着EDTA:Cu摩尔比的增大而迅速增大,随着铜处理时间的延长而降低;在同一培养时间,外加铜浓度50 mgkg^-1时,EDTA对土壤铜的释放量占土壤铜总量的比例即提取效率高于100 mgkg^-1外源铜处理时的提取效率,但随着EDTA:Cu摩尔比的增大,两者的提取效率差异越来越小。     

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Plants on Mn Mine Tailings

The Xiangtan Manganese （Mn） Mine in the middle of Hunan Province, China, has been mined since 1913 with mine tailings including excavated wastes, wastewater, and smelting wastes. A survey was conducted on the Mn mine tailing soils and eight plants on the Mn mine tailings. The concentrations of soil Mn, Pb, and Cd and the metal-enrichment traits of these eight plants were analyzed simultaneously. Exceptionally high concentrations of these three metals were found in the soils, especially on the tailing dam. Each plant investigated in this study accumulated the three heavy metals, but no hyperaccumulator of these metals was found. However, analysis indicated that Poa pratensis Linn., Gnaphalium affine D. Don, Pteris vittata L., Conyza canadensis （L.） Cronq., and Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. possessed specially good metalenrichment and metal-tolerant traits. P. pratensis, G. affine, and P. vittata were Pb-tolerant plants; and C. canadensis, P. pratensis, and G. affine were Cd-tolerant plants. P acinosa had a great tolerance to Mn, and it was a valuable plant for on-site phytoremediation. Phragmites communis Trin. was found to have high metal tolerance and economic benefit as a raw material for paper and should be considered for soil remediation. G. affine and C. canadensis had excessive accumulation of Mn and could be useful in phytoremediation. However, although P. pratensis was a good accumulator, it was not a suitable plant for soil remediation because its biomass was too little.     

土壤污染防治立法的意义

土壤污染对社会生态环境的可持续性发展以及人体健康带来了相当大的风险。然而,当前国内关于土壤污染防治的法律法规尚未健全,已经逐渐成为环境保护在土壤污染防治领域亟待解决的问题。本文从当前国内土壤污染的现状的角度阐述了土壤污染防治立法的必要性和重要意义。     

北京市边缘区土壤重金属污染的初步研究

基础资料为采集于北京城市边缘区的29个土壤剖面表层和底层58个样品6种重金属全量分析数据,以本区重金属自然土壤元素背景值作为评价标准,计算出各样点剖面表层和底层土壤单因子污染指数。应用对应因子分析手段, 初步揭示了北京市边缘区土壤重金属污染的空间分异特征。结果表明,北京市边缘区土壤重金属总体污染状况不明显,只有Hg元素属于轻微污染范围。不同样点间重金属污染水平比较显示,Hg污染水平差异明显,Pb、Cd、As、Zn、Cu污染差异不大。     

贵阳市主要土壤重金属状况研究

通过对2000～2003年贵阳市的白云区、修文县、开阳县、清镇市、息烽县、乌当区、小河区以及花溪区的多个旱地的表土和底土（53个样品）中重金属元素（汞、砷、铅、镉、铬）含量进行检测，以GB／T18407．1—2001《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜产地环境要求》为标准，采用单因子指数法及N．L．Nemerow综合指数法进行评价，分析结果表明：贵阳市无公害蔬菜生产基地的大部分土壤中的5种重金属元素的含量基本在GB／T18407．1—2001规定的范围内，但也有个别区域内土样中砷、镉含量达到了警戒线的含量范围，如白云区底土中砷的单因子综合污染指数达到0．7968、乌当区表土中镉的单因子综合污染指数达到0．7542，两者都属于0．7～1．0污染警戒线范围内。总体土壤的表土、底土重金属综合污染指数分别为0．3785、0．4204，小于0．7，污染等级属于安全，污染水平为清洁，土壤环境质量为1级。     

高岭矿铜锌矿废弃尾矿植物分布及超量积累金属元素植物研究

对高岭土矿，铜锌矿废弃尾矿的植物分布及体内金属元素的积累进行了调查分析。结果表明，新废弃劣质高岭土，呈酸性，寸草不长，但堆放了5－6年后，稀有植物分布，可生长狼把草（Penniserum alopecuroides)一种植物，被铜锌矿尾矿污染的土壤，仅生长柔枝萎竹（Microstegium vimineum(Trin.)A.Camus) ,稗草（Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv.)两种植物，柔枝萎竹能富集锌，锰，铜，铁等离子，稗草可富集锌，锰离子，狼把草可生长在酸性环境，也可富集锌，锰离子。