基于复杂种植结构多情景分析的灌区多目标多水源优化配置

为改善多水源灌区农业用水供需矛盾,通过合理调整种植结构,优化灌区水资源配置,该研究以河北省邯郸市漳滏河灌区为研究对象,将农业灌溉缺水量最小和农作物经济效益最大作为目标函数,兼顾灌区生态安全约束,构建了基于种植结构优化的多目标多水源优化配置模型,针对作物熟制、作物种类、种植制度以及灌溉方式设置了8种不同的种植结构优化情景,通过自主改进的基于精英策略并协遗传算法（NSGAⅡ-S）对模型求解,获得不同情景下的水资源优化配置方案。结果表明：应用模型进行水资源配置后,各情景配水总量均有所减少,其中水库配水量高于其他水源的配水量,水库水、引黄水和引江水均达到用水总量控制目标,民有分区的各计算单元间的配水量变化明显,总配水量高于滏阳河分区;适当压减主要依靠抽取地下水灌溉的冬小麦的播种面积,变灌溉农业为旱作雨养农业,可以极大地减少地下水用量,增加灌区经济效益;最佳的种植结构优化方案为CS₄（削减冬小麦的种植面积,种植苜蓿,灌溉方式采取管灌或喷灌）,该方案冬小麦播种面积压减17.10%,地下水开采量减少了16.42%,灌区的经济效益增加了26.41%,在保证配水总量最小的同时,具有更高的经济效益。该研究所构建的多目标多水源优化配置模型和作物配水结果可为类似地区的水资源配置提供参考。     

肉牛育种目标的经济导向

人们普遍认为,设计结构化育种方案的首要步骤是肉牛的育种目标,其发展可分为以下阶段:规范的育种、生产和销售系统,商业收入和费用支出来源,确定生物性状对收入和费用支出的影响,衍生的经济价值,育种选择标准,预估的表型特征和遗传参数。本文旨在综述肉牛养殖目标的发展及经济价值的导向。     

基于健康风险的土壤修复目标值的研究——以某多环芳烃污染场地为例

以某多环芳烃污染场地为研究对象,根据场地未来使用功能和场地实际情况,对该场地进行了健康风险评价.根据国家环保部新出台的《污染场地土壤修复技术导则》（HJ25.3-2014）,确定了健康风险评价模型中相关参数;计算得出了该场地的修复目标值苯并（a）芘为0.012 mg/kg;茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘为0.12 mg／kg.     

激光传感器在喷雾靶标检测中的研究应用

树木尺寸、形状等特征信息的获取,是现代化农业中重要的环节,为农林管理中的变量精密喷雾提供依据。为了实现对树木靶标信息的精确测量,搭建了基于UTM-30LX型激光传感器的室内滑台靶标检测系统,实现对规则物体、仿真树的扫描检测,通过编写的C++程序,实时读取数据信息并存储于控制计算机中。利用MATLAB软件对存储的数据信息进行后期的离线分析,重构物体三维图像,通过最大相对误差、轮廓相似度两个参数,分析激光传感器检测得到靶标目标尺寸、重构目标三维图像的精确度。以长方体柜子、圆柱体泡沫、2棵仿真树为试验对象,按照选取的3个检测距离和4个检测速度分别对4个试验对象进行检测与数据分析。试验结果显示,多次试验下,与人工测量尺寸比较而言,激光传感器测得的长方体柜子长度、宽度和高度尺寸最大相对误差分别为6.76%、6.86%和3.92%,圆柱体泡沫的高度、直径尺寸最大相对误差分别为4.25%和7.33%,仿真树1高度、宽度尺寸最大相对误差分别为4.06%和5.91%,仿真树2高度、宽度尺寸最大相对误差分别为3.24%和4.00%;仿真树1、2的激光扫描重构图像与对应实物轮廓相似度最小值分别为0.928 8和0.932 6。研究表明,UTM-30LX型激光传感器在各种试验条件下对多种试验靶标特征检测均具有较好的精确性和准确性,可以担负变量喷雾检测的任务,具有应用到农业生产中的前景。     

财政转移支付规范目标的设置

作为财政分权与财政集权的协调机制,财政转移支付旨在促成各层级政府支出责任与事权的相互适应、匹配,其功能发挥离不开规范目标的明确。基于一般性转移支付与专项转移支付两种类型不同的运行机制,分别设置规范目标,前者为基本公共服务均等化,后者为特定政策目标。在特定政策目标之下又包括克服外溢性、发展公共事业及狭义特定政策目标。基本公共服务均等化与特定政策目标既相互独立,又相互关联。如此,建立起内在统一、协调而又清晰的目标体系。     

Comparing the potential effectiveness of conservation planning approaches in central North Carolina, USA

We compared four approaches to conservation site selection to protect forest biodiversity in the Triangle Region of North Carolina, USA. Using biological inventory data and an inventory-based conservation plan as benchmarks, we evaluated the potential effectiveness of a focal species plan and three “simple” plans (large forested patches, close to wetlands and riparian areas, diverse forest types). Effectiveness was measured in three ways: the number of inventory elements captured at least once by the plan (representation), the total number of inventory elements captured (completeness), and the proportion of land in the inventory-based plan included (overlap). We further examined the potential effectiveness of the simple plans by calculating their overlap with land identified by the focal species approach. The simple and focal species plans did not differ markedly in terms of representation, but diverged when completeness and overlap were considered. Although representation rates for all four plans were relatively high, lower rates for completeness and overlap raise concerns about long-term viability. The simple plans did not identify the same lands as the focal species plan, and are thus unlikely to provide appropriate habitat for the focal species. Each approach we tested failed to capture some subset of species and communities, highlighting the importance of explicit conservation targets and consideration of ecological processes. Forced to act quickly and with little data, our findings suggest using initially a set of complementary simple plans, each focused on a different habitat type. This should be considered a stopgap measure, however, while more sophisticated plans are constructed, defining explicit conservation targets and considering ecological processes.     

粮食工程专业应用型本科人才培养方案设计研究

应用型本科教育肩负培养高级技术应用型人才的使命,其人才培养方案应当有别于普通本科和高职高专,形成自己的特色。对粮食工程专业应用型本科人才的培养目标、能力结构要求进行了归纳,结合自身实际探讨了应用型本科人才培养方案设计的原则和框架。     

含咪唑啉酮结构的吡唑类对羟基苯基丙酮酸双加氧酶抑制剂的除草活性及选择性研究

农药作用靶标或作用机制的创新是农药科学研究需要解决的关键科学问题之一。对羟苯基丙酮酸双加氧酶(4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, HPPD)是生物体酪氨酸代谢途径中的关键酶,在不同的生物体内参与的代谢路径不同。前期的研究表明,HPPD抑制剂在医药和除草方面发挥了较大的作用,而近期的研究发现其在抑菌和杀蚊等方面也表现出了潜在的应用价值。本文概述了HPPD在不同生物体中的生理功能,介绍了HPPD在人、植物、吸血节肢动物、真菌体内参与的代谢过程,总结了不同种属来源HPPD的三维结构,概述了HPPD作为靶标在医药以及农药(除草、杀虫、杀菌等)方面的研究现状并进行了展望。

     

生物信息学在计算机辅助农药分子设计中的应用

随着生命科学、数学、物理学和计算机科学的相互交叉,生物信息学越来越显示出其重要性,尤其是在新药的研究和开发中。综述了生物信息学在药物靶点识别和药物分子设计中的应用,并探讨了生物信息学在农药分子设计中的重要作用。生物信息学的应用无疑将进一步推动农药的开发进程。     

From Natural Xanthones to Synthetic C-1 Aminated 3,4-Dioxygenated Xanthones as Optimized Antifouling Agents

Biofouling, which occurs when certain marine species attach and accumulate in artificial submerged structures, represents a serious economic and environmental issue worldwide. The discovery of new non-toxic and eco-friendly antifouling systems to control or prevent biofouling is, therefore, a practical and urgent need. In this work, the antifouling activity of a series of 24 xanthones, with chemical similarities to natural products, was exploited. Nine (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 19, 21, and 23) of the tested xanthones presented highly significant anti-settlement responses at 50 μM against the settlement of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae and low toxicity to this macrofouling species. Xanthones 21 and 23 emerged as the most effective larval settlement inhibitors (EC₅₀ = 7.28 and 3.57 µM, respectively). Additionally, xanthone 23 exhibited a therapeutic ratio (LC₅₀/EC₅₀) > 15, as required by the US Navy program attesting its suitability as natural antifouling agents. From the nine tested xanthones, none of the compounds were found to significantly inhibit the growth of the marine biofilm-forming bacterial strains tested. Xanthones 4, 6, 8, 16, 19, 21, and 23 were found to be non-toxic to the marine non-target species Artemia salina (<10% mortality at 50 μM). Insights on the antifouling mode of action of the hit xanthones 21 and 23 suggest that these two compounds affected similar molecular targets and cellular processes in mussel larvae, including that related to mussel adhesion capacity. This work exposes for the first time the relevance of C-1 aminated xanthones with a 3,4-dioxygenated pattern of substitution as new non-toxic products to prevent marine biofouling.