Shading effects on spatial growth and biomass partitioning of Cynodon dactylon

Cynodon dactylon is a low-growing C4 weed that is highly sensitive to shading. This species shows severe biomass reductions and highly plastic morphological changes in response to resource availability. The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of shading on the spatial and biomass growth of C. dactylon . Two experiments were carried out exploring different environmental conditions. Six treatments were applied on C. dactylon patches. Daylight and 18%, 41%, 48%, 69% and 85% shading of daylight photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) were imposed in Expt 1 and 0%, 22%, 44%, 50%, 74% and 87% shading of daylight PAR in Expt 2. Patches were slightly elliptical in shape and grew 3.2 and 1.5 cm d⁻¹ with 0% shading, on average, during the whole studied periods in Expts 1 and 2 respectively. Biomass was significantly reduced from 41% shading onwards in Expt 1 and from 50% shading in Expt 2. However, patch extension rate was only significantly reduced from 85% and 74% shading in Expts 1 and 2 respectively. Biomass partitioning was modified by shading in both experiments. A functional analysis of C. dactylon patches showed that the patch extension rate diminished linearly when patch biomass growth rate was lower than 1.66 g d⁻¹; above this value, the extension rate remained constant.     

Restoration of tuber production by exposure to unshaded daylight in Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi shaded during the early tuber formation period

The loss of final tuber weight of Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi by shading during the early tuber formation period (TFP) is overcome by exposure to unshaded daylight thereafter (late TFP). In the present study, the growth parameters that contribute to the dry matter increase (DMI) per day of tubers in the late TFP were examined. DMI of the tuber during the late TFP was determined by that of the whole plant and the ratio of the DMI of the tuber to that of the whole plant during this period. The ratio of the DMI of the tuber to that of the whole plant during the late TFP was significantly correlated with the DMI of the whole plant during the first 14 days of the late TFP. During the late TFP after the exposure to unshaded daylight, DMI of the whole plant correlated with the surface area of the stem (SAS) and net assimilation ratio (NAR), and the SAS correlated with the stem dry weight (DW) and specific stem-surface area (SSA). SSA negatively influenced NAR, but NAR was increased by unshading. During the late TFP after shading, the effect of the decrease of the stem DW due to shading on the DMI of the whole plant was mitigated by the large SAS and high NAR. These results indicate that the growth parameters that contribute to the DMI of tuber during the late TFP after exposure to unshaded daylight are SAS and NAR just after unshading, and SSA during this period.     

遮荫对东北红豆杉苗期生长及光合特性的影响

在100%、70%、40%和10%4种光照条件下,对东北红豆杉苗期生长及光合特性进行了研究。结果表明:在100%、70%光照下,净光合速率(Pn)日变化呈现"双峰型"曲线,有明显的"光午休"现象,后者较前者的"光午休"作用减弱了17.7个百分点;强光、高温、低湿是引起"光午休"的主要环境因子。在70%光照下,苗高、地径的生长量最大,净光合速率和水分利用率最高。70%光照是东北红豆杉苗期生长的适宜光环境。     

遮阴对草地早熟禾和紫羊茅种子萌发特性的影响

以冷季型草坪草草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)的优异(Merit)、新哥来德(NuGlade)和肯塔基(K.B.G)3个品种和紫羊茅(Festuca rubra)的两个品种宝瑞(Boreal)和梦神(Rubra), 共5个品种草坪草为研究对象, 在人工遮阴控制下, 对其耐阴性进行了比较, 试验设置的遮阴处理分别是遮阴度22%、45%、66%、83%, 以不遮阴的全光照为对照(CK)。结果表明, 遮阴显著提高了各试验品种种子发芽率、发芽势(P＜0.05), 并且随遮阴度增加而增加;胚根长随遮阴增加而减小, 而胚芽长度随遮阴增加而增长。     

咖啡立体栽培及优化模式探讨

立体栽培可以为咖啡生长提供适宜的荫蔽条件。综述目前咖啡生产中的立体栽培模式,并从减少种间竞争等方面对优化模式作进一步的探讨。     

地表太阳辐射减弱和臭氧浓度增加对冬小麦生长和产量的影响

为研究辐射减弱和O3胁迫对作物的影响,利用改进的开顶式气室(OTC)和遮荫网,开展了辐射减弱和O3胁迫的大田试验研究.实验设置4种处理:CK为野外大田组,T1为40％遮荫,T2为100 nL/LO3,T3为遮荫40％和100 nL/LO3的复合组.结果表明:T1和T3组冬小麦的生育期延长且推迟,T3组株高无明显变化;T2组株高降低,生育期缩短;单株干物质重均降低,T3降幅最大;各组灌浆速率均降低,T3组降幅最大;T1和T3产量、千粒重、穗数、穗粒数和穗重显著降低,T2组穗数无明显改变.由此可见,复合对小麦生长的影响较接近40％遮荫;粒重降低主要是因为灌浆速率的降低,灌浆时间的影响较小;产量的降低主要是千粒重、穗数、穗重的降低,降幅最大,但小于两因子单独累加.     

遮荫处理对匍枝萎陵菜生长、叶片解剖结构及生理特性的影响

通过对匍枝萎陵菜进行遮荫处理,对其植株生长、叶片解剖结构、色素含量、生理指标以及光合特性进行了测定分析,以探讨其耐荫能力。结果表明：全光照和一、二层遮阳网遮荫处理（透光率分别为40．7％、17．1％）的叶片厚度和叶柄长度显著或极显著高于三层遮荫处理（透光率为5．35％）,根冠比极显著低于三层遮荫处理;栅栏组织和海绵组织的厚度变化及差异显著性与叶片厚度相同,但各处理的栅／海厚度比值相互间差异不显著;随遮荫程度的增强,气孔密度和MDA含量极显著下降,蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈先降后升趋势,SOD活性和净光合速率则表现为先升后降趋势;叶绿素和类胡萝b素含量随遮荫程度的增加而显著增加。综合各测试指标及田问观察认为,匍枝萎陵菜对光照强度的适应范围较广,在全光照及一、二层遮荫（即透光率不低于17％,光照强度不低于10．7×10。Lux）的光照条件下均能良好生长。     

遮荫条件下O_3胁迫对冬小麦气孔导度影响的模拟

为了探究在遮荫条件下地表O3浓度增加对冬小麦气孔导度的影响,开展了两种不同强度遮荫与开顶式气室（OTC）相结合的大田试验,设置3个处理组：O3浓度为（100±9）nL.L-1结合（60±5）%遮荫的处理组（T1）;O3浓度为（100±9）nL.L-1结合（20±5）%遮荫的处理组（T2）;O3浓度为（100±9）nL.L-1不作遮荫的处理组（CK）。利用SC-1型气孔导度仪测定了3个处理组冬小麦不同生育期的气孔导度值。综合分析了生育期和O3胁迫,以及水汽压差（VPD）、温度（T）、光照（PAR）环境因子的变化对冬小麦气孔导度的影响,采用修正后的Jarvis非线性气孔导度模型模拟了3个处理组的气孔导度值。结果表明：遮荫对大田环境因子均产生了影响,其中,T1、T2处理组8：00—16：00点的平均温度和水汽压差较CK相比分别下降了5.6℃、4.1℃和0.84kPa、0.74kPa;用该模型得到的气孔导度模拟值与观测值进行了比较,R2=0.88,表明模型模拟效果良好;同时,根据O3吸收通量模型计算出T1、T2和CK处理组在整个O3熏蒸时期,冬小麦O3累积吸收通量分别为14.92、15.52、16.23mmolO3.m-2,并由此建立了O3吸收通量（x）与干物质损失（y）的关系分别为：y=1.0-0.038x和y=1.0-0.022x,表明在相同O3胁迫条件下,遮荫导致了冬小麦O3累积吸收通量的差异,在60%和20%遮荫条件下,O3吸收通量增加10mmol.m-2,与CK相比,其干物质累积损失分别为38.0%和22.0%。     

连栋塑料温室喷雾降温及外遮荫降温试验研究

为解决夏季温室高温、高湿问题,在温室喷雾水膜降温的基础上,直接在内遮荫幕上做喷雾降温试验,并与外遮荫降温系统进行比较。试验结果表明:单独采用内遮荫幕系统可使室内气温比外界低1℃左右;采用在内遮荫幕上喷雾降温,室内气温比室外可低2°～3℃;采用外遮荫降温系统可使室内温度比室外低3°～4℃。     

Comparative performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies under different nutrient and light conditions

Invasive plants may be more plastic than non‐invasive plants and maintain high fitness under various environmental conditions. Previous studies mainly focused on the comparisons between invasive and native plants, and comparisons between highly invasive and less invasive exotic species are still relatively rare, especially for comparisons at the subspecies level. This study examined the effects of nutrient addition and shading on the performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies M. invisa var. inermis under either isolated or competitive conditions. Nutrient addition increased biomass and plant height and decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio (R/S). Shading decreased biomass and R/S and increased plant height. Under isolated conditions, the two invaders did not differ in R/S, plant height and plasticity of these traits in response to nutrient addition or shading, and the two invaders also did not differ in biomass production under each of the nutrient and light treatments. When the two invaders competed with each other, M. invisa outcompeted M. invisa var. inermis under high soil nutrient conditions, and the two invaders did not differ in performance under other growth conditions. Thus, only considering competition may we find out the difference between highly invasive species and their closely related, less invasive subspecies. Management of M. invisa should focus on habitats with high soil nutrient availability, in which M. invisa is more likely to dominate.