Production of aromatic amino acids and related compounds from p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid by rumen microorganisms in vitro

Suspensions of mixed rumen bacteria (B), protozoa (P), and mixed rumen microorganisms (BP) prepared from rumen contents of fistulated goats were anaerobically incubated with 1 mM p‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA) at 39°C for 24 h. Tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine (Phe), tryptophan (Trp) and other related compounds in both supernatants and hydrolyzates of microbial cells in all incubations were analyzed by HPLC. Large amounts of Tyr (32.1, 42.7 and 36.1% of disappeared HPA in B, P and BP, respectively) were produced from HPA during a 12 h incubation period. The formation of Tyr in P (178.6 µmol/g MN) was 1.5 and 2 times higher than in B and BP, respectively. Phe (7–11% of the disappeared HPA) and Trp (3–6% of the disappeared HPA) were also synthesized from HPA in B, P, and BP. Phe synthesis in P (46.3 µmol/g MN) was 1.7 times higher than in B but, in contrast, Trp synthesis in B, was 1.6 times higher than in P. The metabolites p‐hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (in the range of 5–14% of disappeared HPA), phenylacetic acid (1–11%), p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (3–7%) and benzoic acid (1–6%) were produced from HPA in B, P and BP. Phenylpropionic acid (6% of the disappeared HPA) was produced only in B and BP.     

Cuticular hydrocarbons in two parapatric species of ants and their hybrid

Discrimination between nestmates and non‐nestmates in social insects is thought to rely on the pattern of cuticular hydrocarbons. We investigated the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of 2 parapatric sibling ant species, Temnothorax nylanderi (Förster, 1850) and Temnothorax crassispinus (Karavaiev, 1926), and their hybrid. We found that although the profiles show considerable similarities, a discriminant analysis based on the relative peak areas of cuticular hydrocarbons separates the 3 taxa. The profiles of hybrids were not consistently intermediate between those of the paternal species, suggesting either non‐additive interactions among the parental biosynthetic pathways or systematic differences in environment‐derived odor cues.     

芳香植物在高尔夫球场中的应用分析

21世纪以来,中国经济快速增长,带动了体育产业的发展,高尔夫运动也得到了快速的发展。然而,高尔夫运动伴随着较高风险的运动性肌肉疲劳与运动性心理疲劳。指出了芳香植物能在一定程度上预防并治疗运动性肌肉疲劳与心理疲劳,但相关研究多集中于临床治疗和医疗保健等方面。高尔夫球场上芳香植物的应用多以园林美化为目的,未能充分发挥其在运动性疲劳方面的预防与保健功效。因此,芳香植物在高尔夫球场上的应用前景亟待开发。     

香港土壤研究 Ⅲ.土壤中多环芳烃的含量及其来源初探

通过对香港地区53个土壤样品多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的分析,并利用GIS空间数据管理功能,揭示了香港土壤中PAHs的含量和空间分布特征,同时,运用比值法定性地判断了土壤中PAHs的来源。研究结果表明:香港土壤中可以检测出16种美国环保署规定的优控PAHs中的15种(二苯并(a,h)蒽未被检测到),郊野土壤中PAHs的平均含量为34.2±16.0μg kg-1,而城区土壤中PAHs的平均含量为169±123μg kg-1,港岛动植物公园土壤中的苯并(a)芘的含量最高达到了47.2μg kg-1。在PAHs的来源上,前者的PAHs可能主要来自山火焚烧,而后者可能主要与城区的汽车尾气排放有密切的联系。     

盐胁迫对樱桃番茄风味品质的影响

为探究盐分胁迫对樱桃番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. cerasiforme Alef)风味的影响,本研究以樱桃5号为试验材料,探究了不同含盐量[T1:0.05 g·kg^-1(CK)、T2:1.5 g·kg^-1、T3:3 g·kg^-1、T4:4.5 g·kg^-1、T5:6 g·kg^-1]土壤条件下果实糖、酸、氨基酸、芳香类物质含量的变化。结果表明,各处理果实中果糖和葡萄糖含量较高,占糖类物质总量的94.88%~95.97%;盐胁迫能促进果实中糖类物质的积累,其中果糖在T5含量最高,较对照增加了18.34%,葡萄糖在T3含量最高,较对照显著增加了29.06%。果实中有机酸以柠檬酸和苹果酸为主,占总量的88.30%~91.60%,随着盐分的增加有机酸含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,柠檬酸和苹果酸含量均在T3最高,分别较对照显著增加了61.40%和129.90%,且有机酸总含量是对照的1.71倍。盐胁迫对樱桃番茄的氨基酸含量也有一定影响,盐胁迫处理果实中谷氨酸和天冬氨酸含量较高;除蛋氨酸外,各氨基酸含量均以T3最高。各处理果实中共检出47种芳香物质,其中醛类12种、酮类5种、醇类14种、酯类3种;盐胁迫处理番茄果实中芳香物质的种类较多,且相对含量高,其中2-已烯醛、香叶基丙酮、2-异丁基噻唑含量与对照有明显差异,是盐胁迫下影响番茄风味的重要芳香物质。本研究结果为盐胁迫提升樱桃番茄风味品质提供了数据支撑。     

多环芳烃在岩溶区上覆土壤中的垂直迁移及控制因素

选取典型表层岩溶泉域内的土壤剖面为研究对象,分析土壤样品的主要理化指标,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对土壤中的多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)进行定量分析,研究16种PAHs在土壤剖面中的垂直迁移规律及控制因素。结果表明,所研究的5个土壤剖面中,16种PAHs均被检测出,其多环芳烃含量范围为161～3 285 ng g-1,平均值为987 ng g-1。兰花沟泉域水稻田和水房泉泉域土壤剖面中,PAHs的组成均以低环PAHs为主,后沟泉泉域土壤剖面中以高环PAHs为主,柏树湾泉域马尾松林地和兰花沟泉域马尾松林地土壤剖面中,0～2 cm表层土壤中以高环PAHs为主,2 cm以下土层中以低环PAHs为主。从剖面PAHs含量和组成变化可以判断,低环PAHs较易迁移,但在土层较薄的后沟泉泉域土壤剖面中,由于翻耕等人为的扰动,高环PAHs也较易迁移。5个剖面中,PAHs在水房泉泉域土壤剖面的迁移能力最强。由于岩溶区较薄的土壤层,使得PAHs较易迁移并污染表层岩溶泉水。对土壤理化性质和PAHs总量进行多元回归分析,表明土壤总有机碳(TOC)是控制后沟泉、兰花沟泉和柏树湾泉泉域土壤中PAHs迁移的主要因子,而在水房泉泉域土壤中,无主要影响因子。     

Alterations in the brain monoaminergic neurotransmitters of rainbow trout related to naphthalene exposure at the beginning of vitellogenesis

The contents of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5HT), and some related metabolites were studied in different brain regions of rainbow trout at two different stages of sexual maturation (at the beginning of vitellogenesis), after naphthalene (NAP) administration. The effects of NAP varied according to duration of exposure, brain region and vitellogenesis stage of the trout, and were more significant during previtellogenesis. The changes observed in DA metabolism were generally stimulatory after exposure for 3 h, and either stimulatory or inhibitory (depending on the brain regions) after exposure for 3 days to NAP. NA levels were altered by NAP in various brain regions, but only during previtellogenesis. With respect to 5HT, treatment with NAP reduced levels of the amine and/or its main metabolite in most of the brain regions studied, particularly 3 h after treatment. The results suggest that NAP might interfere with the processes regulating brain monoamine metabolism, either locally or indirectly by altering steroid feedback to brain centres, and thus disrupt endocrine control of reproductive development through the brain–pituitary axis.     

曹州木瓜果实香气物质的研究

利用顶空固相微萃取法提取芳香物质,气相色谱-质谱联机定性定量分析,测定曹州木瓜狮子头、剩花、豆青和玉兰的挥发性物质,并对木瓜不同品种的香气组分进行分析探讨.共测定出145种香气组分,曹州木瓜狮子头、剩花、豆青和玉兰分别为70、70、69和70种,各自占总峰面积的99.88%、99.7%、99.97%、99.37%,以醇类、醛类、烯烷类、酮类、酯类、杂环类等为主,其中又以C6醇(如1-己醇、2,4-己二烯-1-醇、反式-2-甲基-环戊醇等)、C6醛[(E)-2-己烯醛、2-己烯醛、E,E-2,4-己二烯醛等]居多.结果表明:狮子头、剩花、豆青和玉兰不同品种香气组分存在一定的差异,但大部分主要组分相同;主要组分含量差异是曹州木瓜不同品种间香气不同的主要原因.     

云南软香型籼稻品种滇屯502的复壮研究

软香型品种滇屯502是云南特色优质米生产的当家品种,30余年生产应用种性退化严重,在无病虫害防治条件下,其稻瘟病发病率为100%,产量减少41.9%。为了对该品种进行复壮,采用单穗选择、株系比较、品系鉴定的方法,紧扣稻瘟病抗性、香味和软米几个重要而典型的性状,开展滇屯502复壮相关研究。结果表明,在2.67万株滇屯502群体中筛选出3个复壮品系,入选率为0.01%。这3个品系表型和食味品质与滇屯502相似,但产量和稻瘟病抗性较滇屯502分别至少提高41.1%和58.3%。利用复壮品系混系繁殖形成的复壮滇屯502,较原种滇屯502的生产力得到明显提高。本研究结果可为云南软香常规稻品种复壮提供技术和经验指导。     

9个广西常规香稻品种香味及香味基因变异类型分析

为加快广西香稻品种选育及新育成品种的推广应用,利用感官法和仪器测定法对9个广西常规香稻品种的香味表型进行鉴定,利用吸嗅蒸汽法对其香味类型进行评价,并应用目前已经开发的6个香味基因变异类型的功能标记对其香味基因型进行鉴定。结果表明,感官法和仪器测定法鉴定结果一致,9个供试品种均为香稻品种;除桂野丰为芋头香型,其他8个品种均为爆米花香型;除桂茉香1号外,其他8个香稻品种均为第7外显子缺失8 bp变异类型。桂茉香1号香味评分75分,2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉含量74.838μg/kg,却不属于本研究检测的6种Badh2基因变异类型,有待进一步鉴定和研究。