高寒草甸退化草地—“黑土滩”植物量测定

依据高寒草甸草地秃斑地的多少和距居民点的远近划分为轻度退化草地(极少量秃斑地)、中度退化草地(少量秃斑地)、重度退化草地(大量秃斑地)和极度退化草地(全部秃斑地)四个退化草地等级。对各等级退化草地进行了植物量测定。结果表明:草地植物量(地上和地下)及土壤含水量,随着草地退化程度的加剧明显下降(P<0.01),毒杂草量则明显上升(P<0.01)。其中极度退化草地较轻度退化草地植被中嵩草属牧草优势度减少38,可食鲜草量减少219.2g/m~2,而毒杂草则增加99.6g/m~2,植物活根量(干物质)减少2390.6g/m~2,土壤含水量(0—10cm)减少10.02％,并对高寒草甸退化草地(黑土滩)的成因及治理途径提出了看法和意见。     

Estimating dispersibility of Acer,Fraxinus and Tilia in fragmented landscapes from patterns of seedling establishment

Relative dispersibility of Tilia americana L., Acer saccharum Marsh. and Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh, was inferred from the ratio among species-specific regression coefficients () computed from seedling density-distance plots. Density counts were made in spatially-uniform old fields adjacent to single seed sources or monotypic fencerows. Resultant seedling shadow curves approximate the negative exponential form expected for many seeds (log y=a–X). This basic curve shape fit species of differing dispersibility, dispersal under a range of wind directions and one-year-old or all-aged cohorts. The ratios of were 1:2.6:3.2 for Tilia, Acer and Fraxinus, respectively, in order of increasing dispersibility. Vegetation patches isolated from seed sources by several hundred meters or more should have extremely low input of seeds, especially Tilia and Acer.The finding that Fraxinus disperses farther than Acer was unexpected, since the samaras of the former have faster terminal velocities. The relationship can be explained by better performance of Fraxinus samaras in the stronger winds experienced by trees in open landscapes, poorer formation of the samara abscission layer, and release of samaras following leaf abscission and during the winter when winds are the strongest. Both the samara plan and dispersal phenology need to be considered in estimating relative dispersibility among species.     

Primary productivity in patches of heterogeneous swards after 12 years of low-intensity cattle grazing

In low-intensity grazing systems, patch grazing leads to a mosaic structure of short (frequently defoliated) and tall (rarely defoliated) patches, with the stocking rate determining the proportion of these patch types on the pasture. Little is known about the long-term effects of patch grazing on the productivity of contrasting sward height patches developed under varying stocking rates. On a 12-year low-intensity cattle pasture we investigated aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its seasonal variation in different patch types (‘short’, ‘medium’ and ‘tall’) under three stocking rates (‘moderate’, ‘lenient’ and ‘very lenient’) over two years. Additionally, we determined stocks of soil phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as soil pH. ANPP was affected by an interaction of patch type and stocking rate and ranged from less than 300 g/m² in short patches under very lenient stocking to more than 1,000 g/m² in medium patches under moderate stocking. In contrast with observations at the start of the experiment, ANPP in short patches was similar to or less than that in medium and tall patches. As topsoil phosphorus and potassium stocks were lowest in short patches, this indicates a long-term redistribution of nutrients by grazing animals, which limits short-patch productivity. Productivity of medium patches increased with stocking rate, and soil potassium concentration showed a similar trend, pointing towards enhanced nutrient cycling under more intensive stocking. We conclude that nutrient redistribution may lead to increasing trade-offs between ecological and agronomic aims in long-term low-intensity grazing systems.     

瓯江彩鲤体色调控相关因子MC1R的克隆与表达分析

黑素皮质素1受体(melanocortin 1 receptor,MCIR)是动物黑色素合成通路中的关键基因之一,对动物的体色和毛色有重要影响.瓯江彩鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.color)具有5种基本体色类型(“全红”、“粉玉”、“大花”、“粉花”和“麻花”),其中后3种带有黑色斑点或斑块,是研究动物黑色素合成机制的良好材料之一.克隆了瓯江彩鲤的MC1R基因,并进行了“全红”、“大花”、“粉玉”、“粉花”4种体色间的表达差异分析.研究发现,瓯江彩鲤的MC1R基因的全长cDNA序列为1 914 bp,包括637 bp 5’-UTR(非转录区)、311 bp3’-UTR及966 bp ORF(开放阅读框).该基因由一个外显子编码(321个氨基酸),有7个跨膜结构域.瓯江彩鲤与鲫的编码区核苷酸同源性达98％,与斑马鱼达93％;不同体色间的编码区只存在一个核苷酸无义突变(C/G),因而氨基酸序列完全相同.qRT-PCR表明,MC1R基因在眼睛的表达量显著高于皮肤、肌肉、鳃、肾脏、鳔、心、肝等组织(P＜0.05);但在4种体色间不存在显著的表达差异(P＞0.05).研究结果表明:瓯江彩鲤体色类型中的黑色斑块不是由MC1基因直接决定,还有待对其它体色相关基因或调控因子的研究.研究亮点:对在黑色素合成通路中起着类似“开关”作用的MC1R基因进行了克隆、序列分析和瓯江彩鲤体色间的表达差异分析,排除了MC1R基因与瓯江彩鲤黑色斑纹的直接相关性,为鱼类体色变异相关基因研究积累了有益资料.     

兰州市市区景观生态格局特征分析

基于景观生态学理论,利用兰州市市区遥感影像数据和Fragstats软件,在GIS技术支持下,综合选取多样性、破碎度、均匀度、优势度、分离度等景观格局指数,从斑块格局、区域景观格局等方面进行景观生态研究.结果表明:兰州市市区林草地占总面积的45%,构成区域景观的基质;区域内景观多样性分布具有较好的空间结构,多样性指数城关区最高为1.447,均匀度七里河区最高为0.811;区域中人工景观斑块形状规则,分布均匀,自然景观分维数较高,其中荒草地分维数1.443;受人为影响,农业景观类型破碎度较高,大量耕地转变为建设用地和林地;城市人均绿地9.47m2,但绿地斑块分布散乱,生态效益低;各类型绿地斑块之间缺少较好的生态廊道,格局连接性较低;分离度城关区为0.015、七里河区为0.045、西固区0.037、安宁区为0.021.     

陕西米仓山自然保护区植被景观分析

以陕西米仓山自然保护区植被图为基础,利用GIS软件将其数字化,并提取各植被景观斑块信息,从植被景观斑块的数量、面积和周长等方面对陕西米仓山自然保护区的植被景观及破碎化程度进行分析。结果表明:落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶灌丛是该保护区的3个主要景观类型;植被景观斑块数量、面积和周长的分布差异较大;落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和人工林景观的破碎化程度较低,而暖性针叶林、农田、撂荒地和灌草丛景观的破碎化程度较高。     

Fine-scale vegetation patches decline in size and cover with increasing rainfall in Australian savannas

Fine-scale vegetation patches (<5 m in width) are critically important in many landscapes because they function to obstruct surface flows of water and wind. These obstructions increase the infiltration of runoff and the capture of nutrients in runoff sediments and in wind-blown soil and litter. The importance of redistribution of runoff into runon patches from spaces between patches (fetches) is likely to be greater in drier than in wetter environments. In this paper we examine the hypothesis that the ratio of fetch to patch decreases as rainfall increases, and that this trend will be most evident on intermediate-textured soils because these soils are more prone to runoff. We measured fine-scale patches on 38 sites with sand, loam or clay soils. Sites were located along a 1000-mm rainfall gradient in the savannas of northern Australia. The width and intercept length of patches and the fetch between patches was measuring along line transects of 100–120 m oriented down slope. We found that the ratio of fetch to patch area did not decrease with decreasing rainfall, but increased on both sand and loam soils. This result was because with increasing rainfall mean spacing between patches disproportionally increased while mean patch size and cover declined. The cover of patches was negatively correlated with tree canopy cover, which significantly increased with rainfall. This negative correlation suggests that in higher rainfall savannas the size and spacing of ground-layer patches is controlled by the tree layer, and that as rainfall decreases this control decreases and runoff-runon processes increasingly structure the landscape. For savannas on clay soils these trends were not significant except that on the highest rainfall sites the cover of ground-layer patches was nearly 100% while trees were absent.     

中国沙棘子叶叶肉细胞电流全细胞记录的研究

实验得出适合膜片钳实验的耐盐木本植物中国沙棘子叶原生质体的游离条件,即取当天脱壳的子叶,放入渗透浓度为0.88 mol/L,pH为5.8,酶液的组分为10 g/LCellulase R-10、0.5 g/LPectolyase Y-23、1.5 g/LMacrozymeR-10、1 g/L Hemicellulase、1 g/L BSA、1 g/L PVP-40、2 mmol/L CaCl2、10 mmol/L Mes和5 mmol/L Vc的溶液中,在26℃、黑暗条件下,静置4 h。并且利用Multiclamp 700B放大器和Clampex 9.2软件,记录到了该原生质体质膜全细胞内向K 通道电流(-459.137 pA及-290.527 pA)和非选择性阳离子通道的外向电流(8.036 pA)。这为沙棘属木本植物细胞的电生理特性及其耐盐性机制关系的研究奠定基础。     

Modulation of sodium channels by the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its N-decarbomethoxylated metabolite in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

The effects of the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its N-decarbomethoxylated metabolite (DCJW) on tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) voltage-gated sodium channels in rat dorsal ganglion neurons were studied using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Indoxacarb and DCJW suppressed the peak amplitude of action potentials, and DCJW exhibited a faster time course and higher potency than indoxacarb in the blocking effects. In voltage-clamp experiments, indoxacarb and DCJW suppressed TTX-R sodium currents in a time-dependent manner without a steady-state level of suppression. IC50 values for indoxacarb and DCJW on TTX-R sodium currents were estimated to be 10.7 and 0.8 microM after 25 min of bath application, respectively. DCJW was about 10 times more potent than indoxacarb in blocking TTX-R sodium currents. Although the suppressive effects of indoxacarb were partially reversible after washout with drug-free external solution, no recovery of sodium current was observed in DCJW treated neurons after prolonged washout. In current-voltage relationships, both indoxacarb and DCJW blocked the sodium currents to the same degree in the entire range of membrane potentials. The sodium conductance-voltage curve was not shifted along the voltage axis by indoxacarb and DCJW at 10 microM. In contrast, the steady-state inactivation curves were shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction by indoxacarb as well as by DCJW. Based on these results, it was concluded that indoxacarb and DCJW potently blocked the TTX-R sodium channel in rat DRG neurons with hyperpolarizing shifts of the steady-state inactivation curves, suggesting preferential association of the insecticides to the inactivated state of sodium channels. The small structural variation between indoxacarb and DCJW resulted in clear differences in potency for blocking sodium channels and reversibility after washout.     

Bush cover and range condition assessments in relation to landscape and grazing in southern Ethiopia

Progressive growth of bush cover in dry savannahs is responsible for declines in range conditions. In southern Ethiopia, the Booran pastoralists assisted our understanding of spatial patterns of bush cover and range conditions in 54 landscape patch types grouped into six landscape units within an area of 30000 km². The size of landscape patches sampled was 625 m². We assessed the relationships between bush cover, grass cover and bare soil and grazing pressure and soil erosion and changes in range condition. Externally, political conflicts and internally, break down of land use, and official bans on the use of fire promoted bush cover and the decline in range conditions. Bush cover was negatively correlated with grass cover, and positively correlated with bare soil. Grass cover was negatively correlated with bare soil and grazing pressure in most landscape patch types. Grazing pressure was not significantly correlated with bush cover or bare soil, while soil erosion was directly related to bare soil. Soil erosion was absent in 64% of the landscape patch types, and seemingly not a threat to the rangelands. The relationship between bush cover, grass cover, bare soil and soil erosion is complex and related to climate, landscape geology, and patterns of land use. Main threats to range conditions are bush climax, loss of grass cover and unpalatable forbs. Currently, >70% of the landscape patch types are in poor to fair range conditions. Decline in range conditions, unless reversed, will jeopardise the pastoral production system in southern Ethiopia.