Effects of land ownership and landscape-level factors on rare-species richness in natural areas of southern Ontario,Canada

Surprisingly few studies have considered the extent to which the nature of the ownership of land is associated with differences in biodiversity. We analysed ownership and other landscape-level effects on rare-species richness for both globally- and regionally-rare biota (including birds, herpetofauna, butterflies, mammals, and plants) in 289 designated natural areas (NAs) in southern Ontario, Canada. Information about each NA −including area, number of plant communities, ownership status and details of species diversity were collected from published sources. Length of perimeter of NA, relative isolation, and an estimate of fragmentation were measured using image analysis and GIS techniques. NAs were in general relatively small, with mean area of 158 ha (median 85 ha, range from 0.9 to 1278 ha) for private NAs; public NAs had mean area of 132 ha (median 16 ha, range from 0.1 to 1481 ha). Mean number of plant communities was 4.6 (median 4, range 1- 13) at private NAs and 3.8 (median 3, range 1-16) at public NAs. Our results show that, of several landscape-level factors, area had the greatest effects on rare-species richness and other biotic indices. Effects of area were followed by effects of plant community diversity, however this was itself significantly affected by area and the extent of perimeter of the NA. Both these factors were followed by effects of ownership of the NA and by effects of isolation of the NA (represented by minimum distance to nearest NA and by number of NAs in 10 km radius). Other landscape- level factors did not appear to have overall significant effects. Variation in area accounted for 0.1% to 29% of variation in number of rare species, with lower values for globally-rare, than for regionally-rare taxa. For all biotic groups, public ownership of NAs was associated with significantly greater rare-species richness compared to private ownership, even after other factors such as area were controlled. For all globally-rare biota except butterflies, area of NA had greater effects on rare-species richness than did ownership. Richness of regionally- rare birds was more affected by plant community diversity than by area of NA. Number of recorded plant communities accounted from 2.1% of variation in number of globally-rare plant species to as high as 31% of variation in regionally-rare butterflies. The diversity of plant communities was itself influenced by total site area (accounting for 45% of variation), extent of elongation of the NA, and both external- and interior- edge perimeters. Public NAs had greatest numbers of rare biota and so should be a significant focus for conservation programs. Smaller, privately-owned patches of natural area dominate (by number and area) in this densely populated region and their significance should not be overlooked. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

间接持有体制下证券投资者的财产权性质论

20世纪末以来，经济和科技两方面的发展使证券交易体制发生了从直接持有体制到间接持有体制的革命性转换。在证券的间接持有体制下，证券投资者与中介机构之间的法律关系是行纪关系；证券投资者对证券享有的权属的性质是“所有权”。由于同一托管人为众多的证券投资者托管，并且证券投资者对证券享有的所有权是通过支配不包含有体物的财产权行使的，所以证券投资者对证券享有的是一种“按份共有”形式的“准所有权”。     

Phosphorus availability and farm structural factors: examining scarcity and oversupply in north‐east Germany

Assessing factors influencing phosphorus (P) availability in soils is important in preventing its overexploitation and excessive application in agricultural systems. Despite high historical P applications in the federal state of Brandenburg (Germany), county data on soil test P (STP) reveal considerable disparities in soil available P. In addition, negative soil balances as a result of small mineral P and manure inputs have been observed, raising questions about the factors leading to this situation. Our work focused on identifying possible causes operating at the farm management level by conducting a letter survey in two administrative districts of Brandenburg, the counties Barnim and Uckermark, linking farm management factors (ownership type, farm size, land tenure, animal husbandry with or without grassland and its intensity, presence of a biogas plant and organic production) to farmers’ self‐indicated levels of STP. Small‐ to medium‐sized individual farms tended to have (very) high STP, while large partnership farms and companies/cooperatives were sensitive to factors resulting in low STP. Farms with low shares of land ownership, the presence of grassland, extensive cattle farming and stockless organic farming had lower STP. On the other hand, biogas plants, partly in combination with intensive livestock (cattle) farming, were associated with larger STP. It was concluded that more care should be devoted to the design of agricultural policies and that further (inter‐ and transdisciplinary) research on this topic is needed.     

小型农村水利改革思路

在分析小型农村水利的特点和性质的基础上,理清了小型农村水利改革的思路。认为：小型农村水利具有工程小、数量多、分布面广,地位重要但易受忽视,涉及范围广、服务功能多、公用性、垄断性、群众性、政策性、公益性、系统性和整体性强,季节使用、经营管理难等特点。改革的核心要按照“谁受益,谁负担,谁投资,谁所有”的原则,组建用水合作组织,明晰所有权。改革的关键是把所有权与经营管理权分开,采用灵活多样的形式加强经营管理。改革的实质是建设与管理制度改革,不能简单理解为“产权制度改革”。     

关于农村土地制度建设的探讨

本文提出农村土地制度建设的目标是有利于巩固社会主义公有制、强化国家对土地资源的宏观管理、充分调动农民经营土地的积极性,促进农业生产力的发展,不断提高土地利用率和产出率。根据当前农村土地制度存在的问题,提出了在土地集体所有制的基础上,完善承包经营,实行农户有条件的长期占有,引入市场机制,实行土地的有偿使用,促进土地合理流转的设想。     

混合所有制二级学院教工党员先锋作用发挥途径的探索与实践——以朋朋宠物科技学院为例

在混合所有制二级学院办学体制机制下,教工党员先锋作用的发挥对改革至关重要。本文以朋朋宠物科技学院为例,从教工党员先锋作用发挥的模式创建、具体途径和举措、改革的成效等方面,进行了全面的论述。     

林地权属与社区森林资源的持续管理

林地权属是关系到“为谁种树和管理”和“谁将从中受益”的问题。从农村社区的视角,回顾、分析民族村寨半个世纪以来林权的历史演变及现状可看出,国家政策对社区林权制度和山林管理影响较大,社区在不断适应国家权属政策变化的基础上,结合自己固有的社会文化、传统习俗,形成了切合社区实际的、资源可持续利用和管理的林权制度安排及相应的管理机制。     

土地所有权认知与耕地保护性投资

耕地保护性投资不足导致土地资源退化和农业经营效率低下一直是困扰发展中国家的重点难题之一。基于预期理论和"公地悲剧"理论,利用8个省份微观调查数据,采用Tobit模型和Probit模型进行基准回归分析,并通过CMP模型纠正可能存在内生性偏误,分析不同产权认知情况下农户的有机肥施用和工程措施两类耕地保护性投资行为差异,探讨土地所有权认知对农户耕地保护性投资行为的影响。结果表明,被调查农户的耕地保护性投资现状并不理想,平均有机肥施用量只有1.442 t/hm2;2009—2012年仅有12.1%的地块进行过平整土地、修建梯田、开垄沟、修建水渠等工程措施类耕地保护性投资。农户对土地所有权的认知可分为强产权认知和弱产权认知。强产权认知的农户有机肥施用量显著高于弱产权认知的农户,强产权认知农户比弱产权认知农户平均多施有机肥1.137 t/hm2。土地所有权认知对工程措施类耕地保护性投资具有显著且稳健的影响,强产权认知农户比弱产权认知农户采纳工程措施的概率高4.9%。因此,在"制度先行,认知滞后"的背景下,应当进一步明晰产权、加强农户的土地所有权认知以促进农户耕地保护性投资行为。     

林权变更中时空信息分析

分析了林权变更中的时间变化特点,以及随着时间变化林地空间与属性变化情况,在此基础上对林权变更中的时空信息进行组织与管理,实现时空信息管理系统时空查询和历史回溯功能。     

机构持股与会计稳健性

以我国A股具有机构持股的上市公司2007~2011年的数据为样本，采用Basu(1997)的盈余-回报率模型研究了机构持股对会计稳健性的影响。结果表明：机构持股比例越高，会计稳健性越好。考虑到产权性质后，国有公司的机构持股比例与会计稳健性具有显著的正相关关系，而在非国有公司中并不显著。另外，高成长性公司中机构持股对会计稳健性的影响显著为正，但在低成长性公司这一结果不显著。