纳米纤维素水凝胶的制备与表征及其对猪肉的保鲜作用

水凝胶因具有低毒性、高生物相容性和可降解性而常用于食品保鲜,但其机械性能和抗疲劳性有待提高。为了探究大豆种皮纳米纤维素对水凝胶机械性能和抗疲劳性的影响,并提高水凝胶的综合机械性能。因此,本研究通过-20 ℃低温循环冷冻-解冻法制备具有可拉伸、强韧、抗疲劳的聚乙烯醇/海藻酸钠/纳米纤维素水凝胶,探究水凝胶对猪肉货架期的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外变换光谱仪、X-射线衍射仪、热重仪和质构仪测定了水凝胶的理化性质和机械性能。研究结果表明,水凝胶内部单体之间以氢键和酯键交联,内部呈现多孔结构,断裂伸长率为230%、压缩强度为70 kPa、拉伸强度为17 kPa,经过多次循环拉伸仍具有良好的机械性能和较高的抗疲劳性。猪肉保鲜试验表明,水凝胶维持了猪肉色泽的稳定性,防止内部水分流失,并且将猪肉的保质期延长至10 d。因此,该水凝胶可用于食品包装以延长冷藏肉制品的保质期。同时,本研究为构建一种可拉伸、强韧、抗疲劳的多功能水凝胶提供了一种新的视角。     

Analysis of the seed dispersal patterns of wild soybean as a reference for vegetation management around genetically modified soybean fields

There are concerns that genetically modified soybean might threaten the genetic diversity of the wild soybean populations that are distributed in East Asia because genetically modified soybean has no crossing barrier with wild soybean. A simple and effective method to prevent hybridization via pollen flow is spatial separation between the two species because their hybridization occurs only when they grow in close proximity. Therefore, the invasiveness of wild soybean needs to be known in order to secure the appropriate distances. As wild soybean seeds are dispersed mechanically by pod dehiscence, an experiment was conducted in which white sheets were placed on the ground, concentric circles were drawn around the parent plants, and the number of dispersed seeds within each 0.5 m‐wide zone were counted. About 40% of the produced seeds were dispersed and the number of dispersed seeds gradually declined as the distance from the parent plants increased. The model that explained the relationship between the number and distance of the dispersed seeds was produced by using a generalized linear model procedure. More than 95, 99, and 99.9% of the produced seeds stayed within 3.5, 5.0, and 6.5 m after natural pod dehiscence. Knowing these values is useful for evaluating the level of invasive risk by mechanical seed dispersal. The goal of the work is to efficiently and deliberately prevent hybridization by isolating genetically modified soybean fields and wild soybean populations by vegetation management, including weeding and setting up specific‐width buffer zones.     

太白山锐齿栎树干基部两种蚂蚁的筑巢生态学及其蚁巢、体表真菌组成研究(英文)

本文研究了太白山锐齿栎景观林带树干基部筑巢的两种蚂蚁的筑巢生态学及其巢内真菌的组成。研究结果表明:亮腹黑褐蚁Formica gagatoides Ruzsky是锐齿栎林中的优势蚁种,可在地表及树干上活动,主要取食栎树枝条上蚜虫所分泌的蜜露及其他昆虫和植物材料;盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster sp.仅在蚁巢周围活动,捕食其他小型昆虫;亮腹黑褐蚁F.gagatoides蚁巢材料含水量非常高,而盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster sp.的蚁巢较为干燥。锐齿栎林中树干的平均蚁栖率为20.3%,但蚁栖率随海拔差异而不同(海拔1800m的锐齿栎林带蚁栖率仅为6%,海拔1600m的锐齿栎林带蚁栖率高达38.5%)。两种蚂蚁的长期营巢活动造成树干基部腐朽、孔洞不断扩大,严重影响锐齿栎树干的水分、营养传输及生长,且极易倒伏和风折。两种蚂蚁巢内及其体表真菌的种类组成明显不同,从亮腹黑褐蚁F.gagatoides蚁巢材料中可分离出7种真菌,而从盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster sp.巢中仅分离出2种;从亮腹黑褐蚁F.gagatoides体表可分离出4种真菌,而从盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster sp.体表分离到3种真菌;其中Tri...     

安徽发现草地贪夜蛾为害早播小麦

2019年5月17日,在安徽省黄山市黄山区发现草地贪夜蛾为害春玉米,首次证实草地贪夜蛾入侵安徽,截至8月25日全省16市全部见虫。2019年10月22日,淮南市寿县窑口镇早播小麦田发现疑似该虫为害,经鉴定,确认为草地贪夜蛾。调查发现,全田均可见该虫为害状,百株被害率最高达84.21%,每平方米最高虫量43头。调查提示,入侵安徽的草地贪夜蛾种群可取食为害小麦,应加强其在麦田发生情况的监测。     

Identification of divergent variants of Grapevine virus A

Eight isolates of Grapevine virus A (GVA), which induced different symptoms in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, were recovered from various grapevines. The dsRNA patterns of two isolates, which consistently induced mild vein clearing (referred here as mild isolates of GVA) were similar, but different from those of other isolates of GVA. Analysis based on overall nucleotide (nt) sequence identity in the 3 terminal part of the GVA genome, comprising part of ORF3 (putative movement protein, MP), entire ORF4 (capsid protein, CP), entire ORF5 and part of 3 UTR, revealed that GVA isolates separate into three groups (I, II, III), sharing 91.0–99.8% nt sequence identity within groups and 78.0–89.3% nt sequence identity between groups. Mild isolates of the virus were group III and shared only 78.0–79.6% nt sequence identity with the other isolates. The comparison of predicted amino acid sequences for MP and CP revealed many amino acid alterations, revealing distinct local net charges of these proteins for mild isolates of the virus. Based on both conserved and divergent nt regions in the CP and ORF5, oligonucleotide primers were designed for the simultaneous RT-PCR detection of all GVA isolates and for the specific detection of the most divergent virus variants represented here by mild isolates of the virus.     

Preparation and Characterization of Tilapia Collagen-Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composite Nanofiber Membranes

Marine collagen is an ideal material for tissue engineering due to its excellent biological properties. However, the limited mechanical properties and poor stability of marine collagen limit its application in tissue engineering. Here, collagen was extracted from the skin of tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). Collagen-thermoplastic polyurethane (Col-TPU) fibrous membranes were prepared using tilapia collagen as a foundational material, and their physicochemical and biocompatibility were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that thermoplastic polyurethane was successfully combined with collagen, and the triple helix structure of collagen was retained. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results showed relatively good compatibility between collagen and TPU.SEM results showed that the average diameter of the composite nanofiber membrane decreased with increasing thermoplastic polyurethane proportion. The mechanical evaluation and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability and tensile properties of Col-TPU fibrous membranes were significantly improved with increasing TPU. Cytotoxicity experiments confirmed that fibrous membranes with different ratios of thermoplastic polyurethane content showed no significant toxicity to fibroblasts; Col-TPU fibrous membranes were conducive to the migration and adhesion of cells. Thus, these Col-TPU composite nanofiber membranes might be used as a potential biomaterial in tissue regeneration.     

我国粉虱类害虫的为害情况综述

对近20年来我国粉虱为害记录进行了整理,发现自2000年以来我国粉虱类害虫为害明显加重。柑橘粉虱和烟粉虱是为害最重的粉虱类群,受害最严重的省份是福建和湖南。根据各类粉虱的生物学特性,预计了未来10年我国粉虱的为害趋势,特别要警惕柑橘粉虱可能在南方柑橘产区暴发为害。     

高原鼠兔的精确性可持续控制技术研究——-几种杀鼠剂的对比试验

 于２００７年４－５月份在甘肃肃南县对防治高原鼠兔精确用药进行试验,将５种常见杀鼠剂的推荐用药浓度、用药量按等比级数增、减剂量进行插组,作正交对比试验,结果表明,推荐用药浓度、用药量和饵料种类与调整后的用药浓度、用药量和饵料种类对高原鼠兔的灭洞率有一定的差异性。影响灭洞率的主、次因子顺序是：杀鼠剂＞用药浓度＞投饵量＞饵料种类。以防效为评价指标,５种参试杀鼠剂的排序为：大隆（８３．９％）＞Ｄ 型肉毒梭菌生物毒素（８２．６％）＞溴敌隆（７９．４％）＞Ｃ 型肉毒梭菌生物毒素（７５．０％）＞ 敌鼠钠盐（６８．９％）。最佳处理组合是：１）用０．１５％的Ｄ 型肉毒梭菌生物毒素、小麦饵料、２５ 粒投饵量;２）０．０１％ 大隆、青稞饵料、５ｇ投饵量;３）０．０１％ 溴敌隆、小麦饵料、３ｇ投饵量。     

笼型异步磁力耦合器机械特性与试验

为有效解决目前机械传动系统中选用电机时功率裕度过大而普遍存在的能源利用效率较低问题,提出一种基于三相异步电机鼠笼转子的异步磁力耦合器(squirrel cage asynchronous magnetic coupler,SCAMC)。结合SCAMC具体结构特点,采用标量磁位法及二维场边界条件,建立气隙磁场数理模型;在气隙磁通密度中引入时间变量,推导出感生电流随时间变化的表达式;基于电流叠加性,将笼条电流折算到转子表面,并沿圆周方向对感生电流所形成的洛伦兹力进行积分,建立了SCAMC的电磁转矩模型。基于上述理论及技术基础,设计并制造出一台37 k W SCAMC样机,并对其机械特性进行理论计算、仿真验证及试验测试。结果表明:转差率相同时,所得的仿真及试验数据与理论计算值相比,误差不超过5%;SCAMC与同容量的三相异步电机相比,线性工作区更宽,过载能力更强,但其机械特性偏软,可有效缓解负载对电机的冲击。该研究可为磁力耦合器在大惯量、难启动及经常性过载机械设备中的应用提供参考。