藏北草原牧民可持续生计分析—以班戈县为例

运用实地调查的方法,对藏北草原牧业户和兼业户进行比较分析和回归分析,以期提高人们对藏北草原牧民生计状况的认识,并对藏北草原牧民生活水平提升和收入增长提供一定的参考依据。结果表明:班戈县牧业户呈现"低质化"特征;兼业户的资本禀赋要好于牧业户;拥有较多自然资本和经济资本的牧户习惯于以单纯依靠牧业收入作为其生计策略;拥有较多人力资本、物质资本和社会资本的牧户更愿意选择多种经营方式来获取更多收入;物质资本对牧户生计策略的影响最为显著,社会资本显著程度不高,而人力资本存量偏低。总体来说,牧民生计在提升藏北草原牧民生活水平和促进牧民收入提高过程中显得更加急迫和重要。     

荒漠草原家庭牧场不同放牧管理模式下草畜能量平衡模拟研究

本研究以内蒙古乌兰察布市四子王旗家庭牧场调研数据为基础,利用ACIAR草畜平衡模型对荒漠草原家庭牧场在全年放牧和季节牧场及补饲措施的家畜需求与草地供给之间的能量平衡关系进行模拟研究,目的是了解家庭牧场的草畜平衡状态,为草地畜牧业管理提供理论依据。结果表明,划分季节牧场利用可增加家畜在冬季的实际能量摄入,减少在夏季的能量摄入;补饲可以缓解在家畜关键生长期对于能量的需求,并在不额外增加补饲量的条件下,划分季节牧场的家畜也表现出冬季实际能量摄入增加,夏季能量摄入减少。     

Survey on the Listeria contamination of ready-to-eat food products and household environments in Vienna, Austria

Qualitative and quantitative contamination of ready-to-eat food-stuffs with the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes was studied in 1586 samples collected from 103 supermarkets (n = 946) and 61 households (n = 640) in Vienna, Austria. Seventeen groups of ready-to-eat foods were classified into three risk categories for contamination (CP1-CP3). Three to four samples were randomly collected at the retail level from each CP. Regarding the households, the sampling procedure was started with food items of CP1, and if not available, was continued with sampling of food items of CP2 and finally of CP3. Additionally, 184 environmental samples (swabs from the kitchen area, dust samples from the vacuum cleaner) and faecal samples (household members and pet animals) were included. One-hundred and twenty-four (13.1%) and 45 (4.8%) samples out of 946 food samples collected from food retailers tested positive for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, respectively, with five smoked fish samples exceeding the tolerated limit of 100 CFU/g food. Food-stuffs associated with the highest risk of contamination were twice as frequently contaminated with L. monocytogenes as food-stuffs associated with a medium risk of contamination. Products showing the highest contamination rate were fish and seafood (19.4%), followed by raw meat sausages (6.3%), soft cheese (5.5%) and cooked meat products/patés (4.5%). The overall contamination rate of foods collected at the household level was more than two times lower. Only 5.6% and 1.7% of 640 food-stuffs analysed tested positive for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, respectively. However, CP1 foods were rarely collected. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing of the collected L. monocytogenes isolates revealed a high degree of diversity between the isolates, with some exceptions. PFGE typing of isolates harvested from green-veined cheese revealed a match among strains, although the manufacturer seemed to be distinguishable. Typing of household strains revealed an epidemiological link within one family. In this case, food-stuffs and the kitchen environment were contaminated by an indistinguishable isolate. In addition, the same isolate was collected from a pooled faecal sample of the household members suggesting that consumption of even low contaminated food items (<100 CFU/g) results in Listeria shedding after the passage through the gut.     

德宏州农户肉牛养殖关键要点总结

当前许多肉牛养殖户在养殖过程中,均不同程度的存在养殖成本高、抗市场风险能力弱、养殖收益差等现象,本文通过对德宏州肉牛养殖致富带头人毛从国的成长之路进行调查分析,总结他的成功之路和经验做法,希望起到一定的引导启示作用,带动其他养殖户增加养殖效益。     

基于农户视角的城郊区葡萄种植效益分析

基于陕西省西安市鄠邑区葡萄种植户的调查数据,在构建农户层面效益评价指标体系的基础上,评价了农户种植葡萄的效益状况。结果表明:第一,农户葡萄种植效益整体位于中等偏下的水平;第二,高效益农户与低效益农户在经济效益、生态效益以及就业机会上存在显著差异,而在对子女和老人的照顾上差异不大;第三,经验丰富、种植规模较大的纯农业型农户的效益较高。节水灌溉技术有助于提高农户的经济效益,而购买化肥的渠道、接受技术培训和有购买过假化肥经历对农户种植经济林的生态效益有影响。     

基于孝感市水禽养殖农户发展前景的分析和研究

文章从对湖北孝感市水禽产业调查入手,结合孝感实地调查报告数据,探讨了孝感市水禽养殖农户发展前景的现状与问题,并提出建议。研究结论对促进相关模式的水禽养殖农户的发展具有一定的借鉴意义。     

农民家庭收入提高对能源消费结构的影响：以北京市门头沟区为例

以解决农村生态环境问题为目的,为了探明居民经济收入和家庭能源消费结构的关系,基于北京市门头沟区农民家庭收入和能源消费的调查数据,利用回归等统计方法,系统的分析了农民家庭收入与日常能源消费的关系。研究发现,随着家庭收入的增加,家庭总能源消费量呈线性增加,家庭收入每增加1000元则能源总消费量增加80.42千克标准煤（kgce）。煤炭、液化气及电能等不可再生能源的消费量随着家庭人均收入的增加显著增加,而传统生物质等可再生能源的消费量则随着家庭人均收入的增加而降低。家庭人均收入水平的高低同时影响清洁能源与非清洁能源所占的比例。随着家庭人均收入的增加,煤炭、传统生物质等非清洁型能源的消费在家庭能源消费结构中所占的比重下降;而液化气、电能等清洁型能源的消费比重则上升。这说明家庭人均收入可能会直接影响到人们对健康卫生的关注,因此如何将能源清洁化是急需研究的课题。     

农户农机装备现状与需求分析——基于200户的典型调查

从农户需求这一角度出发,基于200农户的典型调查,分析了农户农机装备现已拥有与今后需求的状况与特征,指出了农户农机装备需求大型化、广度化、智能化的发展方向以及农户需求的收入制约和盲目性,给出了适应农机发展需求、倡导合作拥有、组建农机协会、加大农机购置补贴范围力度等相关建议.     

基于环境费用-效益分析的农村户用沼气池效益分析

利用环境经济学中环境费用-效益分析的原理和方法,对农村户用沼气池的效益进行分析和计算,并且将环境效益考虑在内进行分析,结果显示户用沼气池建设有显著的效益.     

贫困地区农业技术推广新模式：发展小区域农业技术推广户 ——基于甘肃省部分贫困县的调查思考

（1甘肃农业大学经济管理学院，兰州 730070；2兰州资源环境职业技术学院，兰州 730020）