藏北草原牧民可持续生计分析—以班戈县为例

运用实地调查的方法,对藏北草原牧业户和兼业户进行比较分析和回归分析,以期提高人们对藏北草原牧民生计状况的认识,并对藏北草原牧民生活水平提升和收入增长提供一定的参考依据。结果表明:班戈县牧业户呈现"低质化"特征;兼业户的资本禀赋要好于牧业户;拥有较多自然资本和经济资本的牧户习惯于以单纯依靠牧业收入作为其生计策略;拥有较多人力资本、物质资本和社会资本的牧户更愿意选择多种经营方式来获取更多收入;物质资本对牧户生计策略的影响最为显著,社会资本显著程度不高,而人力资本存量偏低。总体来说,牧民生计在提升藏北草原牧民生活水平和促进牧民收入提高过程中显得更加急迫和重要。     

Survey on the Listeria contamination of ready-to-eat food products and household environments in Vienna, Austria

Qualitative and quantitative contamination of ready-to-eat food-stuffs with the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes was studied in 1586 samples collected from 103 supermarkets (n = 946) and 61 households (n = 640) in Vienna, Austria. Seventeen groups of ready-to-eat foods were classified into three risk categories for contamination (CP1-CP3). Three to four samples were randomly collected at the retail level from each CP. Regarding the households, the sampling procedure was started with food items of CP1, and if not available, was continued with sampling of food items of CP2 and finally of CP3. Additionally, 184 environmental samples (swabs from the kitchen area, dust samples from the vacuum cleaner) and faecal samples (household members and pet animals) were included. One-hundred and twenty-four (13.1%) and 45 (4.8%) samples out of 946 food samples collected from food retailers tested positive for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, respectively, with five smoked fish samples exceeding the tolerated limit of 100 CFU/g food. Food-stuffs associated with the highest risk of contamination were twice as frequently contaminated with L. monocytogenes as food-stuffs associated with a medium risk of contamination. Products showing the highest contamination rate were fish and seafood (19.4%), followed by raw meat sausages (6.3%), soft cheese (5.5%) and cooked meat products/patés (4.5%). The overall contamination rate of foods collected at the household level was more than two times lower. Only 5.6% and 1.7% of 640 food-stuffs analysed tested positive for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, respectively. However, CP1 foods were rarely collected. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing of the collected L. monocytogenes isolates revealed a high degree of diversity between the isolates, with some exceptions. PFGE typing of isolates harvested from green-veined cheese revealed a match among strains, although the manufacturer seemed to be distinguishable. Typing of household strains revealed an epidemiological link within one family. In this case, food-stuffs and the kitchen environment were contaminated by an indistinguishable isolate. In addition, the same isolate was collected from a pooled faecal sample of the household members suggesting that consumption of even low contaminated food items (<100 CFU/g) results in Listeria shedding after the passage through the gut.     

荒漠草原家庭牧场不同放牧管理模式下草畜能量平衡模拟研究

本研究以内蒙古乌兰察布市四子王旗家庭牧场调研数据为基础,利用ACIAR草畜平衡模型对荒漠草原家庭牧场在全年放牧和季节牧场及补饲措施的家畜需求与草地供给之间的能量平衡关系进行模拟研究,目的是了解家庭牧场的草畜平衡状态,为草地畜牧业管理提供理论依据。结果表明,划分季节牧场利用可增加家畜在冬季的实际能量摄入,减少在夏季的能量摄入;补饲可以缓解在家畜关键生长期对于能量的需求,并在不额外增加补饲量的条件下,划分季节牧场的家畜也表现出冬季实际能量摄入增加,夏季能量摄入减少。     

德宏州农户肉牛养殖关键要点总结

当前许多肉牛养殖户在养殖过程中,均不同程度的存在养殖成本高、抗市场风险能力弱、养殖收益差等现象,本文通过对德宏州肉牛养殖致富带头人毛从国的成长之路进行调查分析,总结他的成功之路和经验做法,希望起到一定的引导启示作用,带动其他养殖户增加养殖效益。     

基于农户视角的城郊区葡萄种植效益分析

基于陕西省西安市鄠邑区葡萄种植户的调查数据,在构建农户层面效益评价指标体系的基础上,评价了农户种植葡萄的效益状况。结果表明:第一,农户葡萄种植效益整体位于中等偏下的水平;第二,高效益农户与低效益农户在经济效益、生态效益以及就业机会上存在显著差异,而在对子女和老人的照顾上差异不大;第三,经验丰富、种植规模较大的纯农业型农户的效益较高。节水灌溉技术有助于提高农户的经济效益,而购买化肥的渠道、接受技术培训和有购买过假化肥经历对农户种植经济林的生态效益有影响。     

基于孝感市水禽养殖农户发展前景的分析和研究

文章从对湖北孝感市水禽产业调查入手,结合孝感实地调查报告数据,探讨了孝感市水禽养殖农户发展前景的现状与问题,并提出建议。研究结论对促进相关模式的水禽养殖农户的发展具有一定的借鉴意义。     

农机服务专业户投资收益分析

农机服务专业户已经成为我国农机社会化服务的主力军,研究农机服务专业户投资收益对我国农机化发展具有重要意义.通过构造C-D生产函数,分析不同规模农机服务专业户各生产要素的投资报酬,并在此基础上针对农机购置成本这一农机户投资金额最大的生产要素进行投资收益分析,得出结论并给出相应建议.     

The structure of four home gardens in the Petén,Guatemala

Forest-covered home gardens around the tropical world vary in their structure, but serve to supply food and other products for direct family consumption or marketing. Little quantitative data exist defining home garden structure. Thus, this study was undertaken to examine the variation in home garden structures in response to market or household needs and the subsequent variation in light interception and productivity.Four home gardens were studied in the Department of the Petén, in northern Guatemala. Areal extent and height of canopies were mapped in transects through four gardens representing a range of site water regimes and market orientation. Light intensities incident on the ground were measured along each transect to assess light use. Results showed structural complexity, with full canopy closure in the one or more layers within the canopy for most gardens. The garden architectures made efficient use of light and space, with intersive management for food and fuel production. Farmers grew the crops for both cash and family subsistence. One home garden on a comparatively dry site with shallow soil seemed less structured, with only a single broken canopy layer, but with diverse species of plants.The results indicate that development of gardens in this area utilized existing trees, thinning them to leave the most useful, and inserting other desirable trees and shrubs in the understory and in open spaces. This strategy seemed to maximize light use, regardless of market orientation.This look at the structure and composition of four home gardens, in a forested area of current immigration, demonstrated (1) variety of organization and plant components, (2) different architecture for different soil/site conditions and market orientations, and (3) efficient use of available light through the arrangement of plants.     

城乡边缘结合处生活垃圾收运体系建设研究

指出了我国城乡边缘结合处生活垃圾收运体系的建设相对落后,已经不适应日新月异的城市化步伐,如不加快城乡边缘结合处生活垃圾收运体系的建设,必然会影响和阻碍城市化的进程。重点论述了我国城乡边缘结合处生活垃圾收运体系的建设,针对整个体系的建设,合理配置垃圾收集、垃圾运输等各个环节,提出了合理方案,同时对环境保护、社会人文、经济可持续发展给予了重点关注。     

四种水生植物在污水胁迫下的生理生化特性研究

选取4种水生植物水葱、芦苇、微齿眼予菜、金鱼藻为试验材料,对初始水质TN浓度为16．20±0．41mg·L^-1,TP浓度为1．18±0．01mg·L^-1。的生活污水处理,分别在处理第30、60、90、120d时测定了其丙二醛含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白质含量,研究了4种水生植物在污水胁迫下的生理生化特性。实验表明：植物在受到污水胁迫时通过调节渗透,抑制质膜过氧化以适应污水环境,但不同植物的生理生化特性存在差异。其中,水葱和芦苇在受到污水胁迫后游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量迅速上升,有效抑制质膜过氧化,耐污染能力优于试验中的两种沉水植物微齿眼子菜和金鱼藻。