新型杀虫剂甲磺虫腙的合成与杀虫活性

以对氯苯甲酰氯、苯甲醚、甲基磺酰氯、水合肼、丁酮等为原料合成了新型杀虫剂甲磺虫腙(试验号:ZJ0967),其化学名称为甲磺酸-4- 苯酯,其结构经1H NMR、MS和元素分析确认。室内生测结果表明,甲磺虫腙对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua,特别是对粘虫Mythimna sepatara、斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura表现出良好的杀虫活性。进一步毒力测定表明,甲磺虫腙对斜纹夜蛾的LC50值为8.45(7.69~9.62) mg/L,其杀虫活性与虫酰肼相当,但低于氟啶脲。田间试验结果表明,70%甲磺虫腙WG在有效成分为210~420 g/hm2时,对斜纹夜蛾7 d的防效可达88.6% ~93.9%,未观察到对作物产生药害。     

From alley cropping to rotational fallow: Farmers' involvement in the development of fallow management techniques in the humid forest zone of Cameroon

Alley cropping was introduced in the humid forest zone of Cameroon to increase soil fertility in 1987, but until 1992 the adoption rate had remained low. To better understand the reasons behind this, three types of on farm trials were established from fully researcher controlled to fully farmer controlled. During the evaluation of the technology with farmers a number of modifications were registered (1) Pruning height and frequency: Because of the difficulties to consistently cut back at 30 cm, farmers decided to slash at ground level as they normally do while slashing the natural fallow vegetation. This equally allowed for more flexibility in time of pruning. (2) Cropping intensity and pattern: Initially, alleys were cropped each year. This however had several shortcomings. Having observed the positive impact of incidental fallow period in a farmer's field, it was decided to introduce a fallow phase of at least one year. During the fallow period the plot can be used for fodder production, bee farming and production of stakes. (3) Residue management: Fire went incidentally in a farmer's tree plot after slashing, and the trees were not affected. This gave farmers an alternative way to manage the residue, by controlling the fire, before bringing in other crops such as groundnut and cassava. (4) Agroforestry species: Because Leucaena leucocephala, in spite of it soil fertility restoration potential, rapidly became a noxious weed, farmers have asked for a less invasive species. Calliandra calothyrsus was introduced for this purpose and became a good bee forage. With these modifications, the original alley cropping system has evolved into a rotational tree fallow with higher adoption potential. From about 15 farmers who were testing the technology in 1992, the number increased to 52 in 1996, 120 in 1997 and 236 in 1998. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

9种药剂对斜纹夜蛾的室内毒力与田间应用效果

通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验,测定当前9种主流杀虫剂产品对斜纹夜蛾的防治效果。结果表明,甲维盐、茚虫威、虫螨腈和虫酰肼对斜纹夜蛾具有优良的防效,可作为防治斜纹夜蛾的首选药剂。Bt与多杀菌素的效果次之。阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱对斜纹夜蛾已逐渐失去控制作用,在生产中应尽量少用、慎用。     

基于益生菌的肠道改善和免疫调节临床研究进展

人体临床实验是评估益生菌菌株对人体健康影响的唯一途径,然而,受到多种因素的限制,人体实验所能获得的实验数据和资料非常有限.本文通过整合国内外益生菌在人体临床实验中的评价结果,对益生菌改善人类肠道、调节免疫力等作用进行综述.     

猪伪狂犬病基因缺失疫苗的制备、安全性、免疫原性、保存期测定及区域试验

为了提供有效的伪狂犬病疫苗，用鸡胚成纤维细胞扩大培养了PrV HB-98突变株（TK^-/gG^-/LacZ^＋），研制了伪狂犬病基因缺失疫苗，并对该疫苗经肌肉接种、经口等免疫途径的最小免疫剂量进行了测定，同时也对4批疫苗的安全性、效力、免疫期和保存期进行了检测；同时将4批疫苗用于免疫23个猪场的母猪、新生仔猪和育肥猪进行区域试验。测定结果表明，疫苗经上述两种途径接种对不同阶段猪的最小免疫剂量均为10^5.0 TCID50；10倍免疫剂量的疫苗对初生仔猪、15日龄仔猪和妊娠母猪是安全的，免疫猪能抵抗强毒的攻击；疫苗在4℃和-20℃下分别可保存6个月和12个月。对伪狂犬病毒抗体阴性的70日龄商品猪和种猪的免疫期为6个月。田间试验表明，4批猪伪狂犬病基因缺失疫苗安全有效，并可用于仔猪发病时的紧急接种。为猪伪狂犬病基因工程疫苗的制备与应用提供了有力的依据。     

Clinical trials in spontaneous disease in dogs: a new paradigm for investigations of sepsis

Objective: To provide evidence that naturally occurring sepsis in dogs provides a unique opportunity to test new therapies in clinically relevant settings. Data sources: Human and veterinary literature. Human data synthesis: Sepsis is a devastating condition responsible for most intensive care unit deaths. Most clinical trials targeting inflammatory mediators of sepsis have failed to improve outcome in clinical patients despite promising results in laboratory animal models. Animal models of sepsis fail to reproduce the clinical syndrome and therefore lead to conclusions that may not be relevant to clinical care. Veterinary data synthesis: Sepsis is recognized but not well‐characterized in companion animal species. Despite some species variability, the cardiopulmonary response to sepsis in dogs is similar to humans. Additionally, inflammatory and coagulation changes that accompany canine sepsis are consistent with those documented in humans. Sepsis secondary to canine parvoviral infection offers the advantages of relative population homogeneity, predictable course, and easy early diagnosis. The disadvantages of canine parvovirus are that it affects a predominantly young and healthy population and results in low mortality with aggressive supportive care. Septic peritonitis and pneumonia have high mortality but can be challenging to diagnose, have a variable course, and affect a heterogeneous population, which can be an advantage or a disadvantage. Conclusions: Similar to trials currently being performed in canine cancer patients, veterinary clinical trials of new sepsis therapeutics may provide a unique opportunity to advance the treatment of sepsis in dogs, humans, and other species. Spontaneous sepsis from canine parvovirus, peritonitis, and pneumonia are common clinical conditions in which therapeutics can be tested.     

Intermittent and Continuous Enteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Dogs: A Prospective Randomized Trial

Background: Malnutrition is a common problem in critically ill dogs and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in human medicine. Enteral nutrition (EN) delivery methods have been evaluated in humans to determine which is most effective in achieving caloric goals. Objectives: To compare continuous infusion and intermittent bolus feeding of EN in dogs admitted to a critical care unit. Animals: Fifty‐four dogs admitted to the critical care unit and requiring nutritional support with a nasoenteric feeding tube. Methods: Prospective randomized clinical trial. Dogs were randomized to receive either continuous infusion (Group C) or intermittent bolus feeding (Group I) of liquid EN. The percentage of prescribed nutrition delivered (PPND) was calculated every 24 hours. Frequencies of gastrointestinal (GI), mechanical, and technical complications were recorded and gastric residual volumes (GRVs) were measured. Results: PPND was significantly lower in Group C (98.4%) than Group I (100%). There was no significant difference in GI or mechanical complications, although Group C had a significantly higher rate of technical complications. GRVs did not differ significantly between Group C (3.1 mL/kg) and Group I (6.3 mL/kg) and were not correlated with the incidence of vomiting or regurgitation. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: There was a statistically significant difference in the PPND between continuously and intermittently fed dogs, but this difference is unlikely to be clinically relevant. Critically ill dogs can be successfully supported with either continuous infusion or intermittent bolus feeding of EN with few complications. Increased GRVs may not warrant termination of enteral feeding.     

Analysis of downy mildew data on field pea: an empirical comparison of two logistic models

In the years 2002–2005, special trials concerning the level of infection of pea varieties by downy mildew were performed in Poland. In these trials, the large number of varieties were tested in many locations (environments), separately on reach and light soils. Obtained trial data are unique because of the large scale of the performed investigations and also for the fact that all the observations were made by the same observer. In a paper, two methods of statistical analysis of such (ordered) data are compared.

Several models have been proposed for the statistical interpretation of ordinal data. One of the most popular is the cumulative-type fixed logistic model. In the present work, using two field pea data sets, we considered whether adding random effects to the simple logistic model can improve inference. It was investigated whether there is any difference between the decisions concerning varieties resulting from the simple logistic model and the proposed mixed logistic model. The two models were also compared in terms of goodness of fit. According to two applied goodness-of-fit statistics, the mixed model performed better in all the cases. Statistical analysis (what is important for practical agriculture) enabled identification of the most resistant and the most susceptible variety from the analyzed set of cultivars.