SRAP分子标记在棉花遗传育种中的应用

SRAP(Sequence-related Amplified Polymorphism)是1项基于PCR技术的新型分子标记技术,具有操作简便、稳定、高效、高共显性、便于测序目标片断等特点。介绍了SRAP分子标记技术的原理和特点,并综述其在棉花遗传连锁图谱的构建、遗传多样性分析、基因定位等方面的研究进展和应用前景。     

香菇遗传研究和菌种选育的现状及发展

本文通过回顾香菇菌种选育的四个历史阶段,阐述了在原生质体技术基础上发展起来的育种技术,全面分析了国内外遗传研究和菌种选育的现状,指出我国香菇生产中存在的主要问题是菌种退化、菌种混乱和菌种选育滞后,剖析了解决菌种问题的技术方法,提出了香菇遗传研究和菌种选育的方向。     

番茄疮痂病病原菌分类、抗性遗传和分子标记辅助选择进展

番茄疮痂病是世界上所有番茄种植地区主要的细菌性病害之一，该病能引起严重的产量损失和品质下降，几十年来一直受到育种界的关注。由于该病病原菌存在多个种和小种以及对该病的抗性呈数量性状遗传，因此通过育种途径来改良抗性进展缓慢。分子标记辅助选择为育种家筛选、聚合或累加对多个小种的抗性提供了一种工具。以前的综述对1997年以前在病害的发生、症状、危害、综合防治、遗传分析和育种等方面的研究进行了较为详尽的总结。近年来，在病原菌种与小种的鉴定、抗源的发掘、抗性遗传的分子定位和分子标记辅助选择方面的研究取得了很大进展，传统育种与分子生物学方法有机结合的策略也初见成效。本文将对这些进展进行总结，并对分子标记在番茄疮痂病抗性育种中的应用前景进行讨论。     

产学研一体化模式在畜禽遗传资源学教学中的应用

首先分析畜禽遗传资源学的发展概况及畜禽遗传资源学教学过程中存在的问题,其次分析了近些年西南大学动物科学系在畜禽遗传资源学教学中利用产学研“三位一体”化教学模式的探索与取得的成绩,探明今后畜禽遗传资源学教学改革的方向,如改良教学内容,优化教学过程和强化学生专业技能等.     

Insular pest control within a metapopulation context

Introduced pests threaten many species and their control is generally beneficial for conservation, particularly on islands where complete eradication is possible. Unfortunately on ‘nearshore’ islands neighbouring source populations exist and unaided reinvasion is likely. Pest control programmes at these sites thus require a metapopulation context to adequately manage movements between source and sink populations. We investigated the ecology of introduced ship rats (Rattus rattus) on a nearshore island, and gene flow with adjacent mainland populations, in order to understand the metapopulation dynamics and relative levels of pest control required within the landscape. We sampled the entire population by trapping (n = 30), achieving eradication, and found a low rat density (3.2 ha⁻¹) indicative of a sink population. Seed and other plant material constituted the major dietary component of rats. Despite its proximity to mainland source populations, the island population was genetically distinct with reduced allelic diversity caused by a recent reinvasion founder effect. Genetic analyses also detected recent migrants between the populations. In contrast, two mainland populations separated by a similar distance displayed complete genetic mixing. The small water gap therefore provides a sufficient barrier to lower the migration rate to the island and delay reinvasion, which nonetheless eventually happens. In order to maintain nearshore islands pest-free, conservation management will require a metapopulation approach simultaneously focusing on both island and source population pest control.     

黄河鲤鱼研究进展

在搜集和查阅文献资料的基础上,比较了黄河鲤鱼与普通鲤鱼的异同。从分类地位及形态特征、遗传学研究、生理生化研究、人工养殖研究等方面对黄河鲤鱼的研究进展进行了综述。     

遗传学实验教材存在的问题及改革实践

基于目前遗传学实验教材一般存在背景知识介绍过于简单且陈旧、操作指导介绍过于笼统等不足,杨大祥在《遗传学实验》编写和修订时作了一些创新：注重实验背景知识、研究思路的介绍及实验结果的解释;注重学生科研基本功的训练;通过课后练习引申实验内容,让学生关注相关技术在实践中的应用等等,以此激发学生探索、发现的兴趣。     

SSR标记在小麦遗传育种中的应用研究进展

SSR(simple sequence repeat)标记是建立在PCR基础上的一种新型DNA分子标记。由于SSR在普通小麦中多态性丰富,随机分布于小麦的整个基因组中,多数表现为共显性,所以它是进行小麦遗传研究的理想工具。本文就SSR标记在构建小麦遗传连锁图谱、标记和定位目的基因、鉴定和标记染色体片段、鉴定品种、遗传多样性分析和标记辅助选择等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

A Polymorphism in the Melanocortin 4 Receptor Gene (MC4R:c.92C>T) Is Associated with Diabetes Mellitus in Overweight Domestic Shorthaired Cats

Background

Feline diabetes mellitus (DM) shares many pathophysiologic features with human type 2 DM. Human genome‐wide association studies have identified genes associated with obesity and DM, including melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), which plays an important role in energy balance and appetite regulation.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the feline MC4R gene and to determine whether any SNPs are associated with DM or overweight body condition in cats.

Animals

Two‐hundred forty domestic shorthaired (DSH) cats were recruited for the study. Of these, 120 diabetics were selected (60 overweight, 60 lean), along with 120 nondiabetic controls (60 overweight and 60 lean). Males and females were equally represented.

Methods

A prospective case‐control study was performed. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples and used as template for PCR amplification of the feline MC4R gene. The coding region of the gene was sequenced in 10 cats to identify polymorphisms. Subsequently, genotyping by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis assessed MC4R:c.92C > T allele and genotype frequencies in each group of cats.

Results

No significant differences in MC4R:c.92C>T allele or genotype frequencies were identified between nondiabetic overweight and lean cats. In the overweight diabetic group, 55% were homozygous for the MC4R:c.92C allele, compared to 33% of the lean diabetics and 30% of the nondiabetics. The differences between the overweight diabetic and the nondiabetics were significant (P < .01).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

We identified a polymorphism in the coding sequence of feline MC4R that is associated with DM in overweight DSH cats, similar to the situation in humans.