半干旱草原主要植物光能和水分利用特征的研究

在植物生长季内测定了内蒙古半干旱草原6种主要植物的光合和水分利用特征，比较了植物之间在光能和水分利用方面的差异，认为水分利用效率难以反应植物对干旱的适应性，而其倒数－水分竞争系数是较好的表征指标；植物的光能利用效率和水分竞争系数之间存在补偿关系；半干旱草原主要植物适应环境的方式不同，它们在光能和水分资源生态位上存在分离。     

米糠水溶性多糖提取工艺的研究

通过单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验,研究水料比、提取温度、提取时间和乙醇浓度对多糖得率的影响。结果表明,乙醇浓度和提取温度是影响米糠水溶性多糖提取的主要因素,热水浸提的最佳工艺方案为水料比20∶1,提取温度110℃,提取时间4h,乙醇浓度95%,在此工艺条件下,米糠水溶性多糖的得率为0.92%。应用650W功率的微波对米糠进行预处理,然后采用最佳热水浸提工艺进行提取,结果表明,米糠经中火力的微波预处理4min再用热水浸提,多糖得率明显增加,达到1.33%。     

水肥耦合对巨能草生长和光合色素的影响

采用盆栽控制实验的方式,利用控水、控肥的实验方法,设计了干旱(25% FC)、对照(75% FC)和水淹(100% FC)3个水分梯度以及低、中、高3个养分水平的完全随机组合实验,研究了不同水肥耦合条件对巨能草生长与光合色素的影响。结果表明,巨能草的地上生物量、地下生物量、生物总量和根冠比都受到了水肥交互作用的显著影响。在正常水分条件下,高肥处理下的分蘖数、株高、地下生物量、地上生物量和生物总量都是最大的,是9种水肥配比中巨能草生物量积累最佳的水肥配比。可见,良好的水肥条件是巨能草获得高产的前提。水淹和干旱都不利于植株的分蘖和高生长,但干旱条件下可通过施肥提高植株的分蘖能力。水淹环境下,不宜施用过多肥料,中等施肥量最有利于巨能草地下生物量的积累,其根冠比显著增大,有利于植物根系适应水淹条件下的缺氧环境。与水淹条件相比,干旱条件更不利于巨能草地上生物量的积累,为了适应干旱环境,巨能草会把更多的同化物质分配给地下部分,进而增大根冠比,从而表现出较高的生理可塑性以适应极端的干旱环境。有趣的是,水分胁迫下的光合色素含量显著高于正常水分,且随着施肥量的增加,光合色素的含量都有所增加,干旱处理下的增加尤为显著。由此可见,在水分胁迫环境下,巨能草会通过其各种形态和生理适应机制来适应环境,表现出一定的耐涝性和抗旱性,且施肥能够在一定程度上降低水分胁迫对植物生长的影响。     

In situ provision of drinking water to grazing dairy cows improves milk production

AIMS: To determine the effect of providing water within the area grazed by dairy cows on milk yield and quality, compared to requiring cows to walk to a distant water trough, on a dairy farm in the Pampa region of Argentina during summer.

METHODS: Holstein dairy cows were allocated to two herds with similar parity, days in milk and milk production. They were grazed in one paddock that was divided in two, with a fixed water trough at one end. Cows were moved twice daily to grazing plots within the paddock. Control cows (n=66) could only access water from the fixed trough, whereas supplemented cows (n=67) also received water from a mobile trough within the grazing plot. Milk production of each cow, and water consumption of the two herds were measured daily over 62 days. Milk composition for each herd was determined weekly from Days 18 to 60 of the study, and grazing behaviour was observed between 08:00 and 16:00 hours on Days 11–15, 19–22 and 39–43.

RESULTS: Over the 62 days of the study, supplemented cows produced 1.39 (SE 0.11) L/cow/day more milk than Control cows (p=0.027). Estimated mean daily water intake was 50.4 (SE 2.1) L/cow/day for supplemented cows and 58.2 (SE 2.7) L/cow/day for Control cows (p=0.004). Percentage total solids in milk was higher for supplemented (12.5 (SE 0.06)%) than Control (12.4 (SE 0.04)%) cows (p=0.047). During the periods of behavioural observation, a higher percentage of cows in the water supplemented than the Control herd were observed in the grazing area (p=0.012).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This preliminary study demonstrated that provision of water to dairy cows within the grazing plot was beneficial for milk production and composition, and may be associated with longer periods spent within the grazing area, during hot weather in the Pampa region of Argentina.     

Dietary cation and anion difference: Effects on milk production and body fluid distribution in lactating dairy goats under tropical conditions

This study aimed to determine the effect of dietary cation and anion difference (DCAD) on milk production and body fluid distribution in lactating dairy goats. Ten dairy goats were selected and divided into two groups, five animals each. Animals received either control DCAD (control, 22.81 mEq/100 g dry matter (DM)) or high DCAD (DCAD, 39.08 mEq/100 g DM). The results indicated that rectal temperature (Tr), respiration rate, milk yield and compositions did not differ between groups. But the percentage change of Tr from the DCAD group was lower than the control group between 09.00 and 13.00 hours. DM intake tended to increase in the DCAD group. Dairy goats in the DCAD group drank more water, but urinary excretion and plasma antidiuretic hormone concentration remained unchanged. Apparent water balance was higher from the DCAD group over 24 h. There was no effect of DCAD on plasma and blood volumes, but tended to increase in extracellular fluid and thereby increased total body water. The present results indicate that animals supplemented with high DCAD increase their total body water and apparent water balance. These results have contributed to the process of adaptation for evaporative cooling and would be useful in slowing down the elevation in Tr.     

中药复方“肾病宁”总化学成分提取工艺研究

目的：本研究旨在提高由金钱草、海金沙、黄芪为主药的中药复方＂肾病宁＂的临床疗效,为中药复方剂型改良和工业化生产提供科学依据。方法：采用正交试验设计结合单因素考察,对复方水提工艺进行优化,以水提后的总提取物干膏重量为考察指标,选用L（934）正交表设计试验,对浸泡时间、用水量、煎煮时间、煎煮次数4个因素进行优化。结果：复方水提最佳工艺为浸泡时间0.5 h,加水量10倍,煎煮时间1.5 h,煎煮4次。结论：工艺组合稳定可靠,水提干膏平均收率为24.55%（24.68%、24.98%、24.0%）,均接近正交方案中的最高值。     

宁夏东部荒漠草原猪毛蒿光合特征和水分利用效率对降水变化的响应

荒漠草原植物的生长和生存受降水影响很大,本研究以宁夏东部荒漠草原猪毛蒿种群为研究对象,2017-2020年连续4年监测了降水改变条件下土壤水分特征,测定了猪毛蒿净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度等光合特征,并对其内禀水分利用效率和瞬时水分利用效率进行了分析。研究表明：4年中无效降水事件(<5mm)发生次数较多,占当年降水频次的60.00%～82.54%;大雨(≥25 mm且≤49.9 mm)和暴雨等级(≥50 mm)降水事件较少,平均单次降水事件的降水量仅为3.3～6.5 mm·次^-1。不同处理各土层的土壤含水量存在较大差异,表层(10 cm)土壤含水量较次表层(20 cm)和深层(60 cm)的变幅大;次表层(20 cm)土壤平均含水量低于表层,与小降水事件发生频次较高无法入渗补给以及植物吸收消耗有关;深层(60 cm)土壤含水量变化小,较稳定。净光合速率随着光合有效辐射的增加而增大,当光合有效辐射在400～1600μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,增雨处理提高了猪毛蒿的净光合速率;在...     

猪场建设中“水”问题的探讨

给水及排水是在猪场规划建设时就应该统筹考虑的重大问题。从给水工程设计和废水处理两方面探讨了猪场建设中所涉及的"水"问题,介绍了水源、水量、水质、水温控制、施工要点、废水处理方式等诸多细节,以供同行参考。     

日粮钙水平对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响

为了探讨日粮钙水平对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响,本试验选用12头胎次、泌乳时间、泌乳量相近的水牛,随机分成4组,每组3头水牛。采用4×4拉丁方试验方法,4组水牛基础日粮中钙含量分别占基础日粮干物质的0.47%、0.62%、0.78%、0.93%,其他营养成分均相同,其中磷占采食干物质比例为0.50%;共4期试验,每一试验期21 d,其中预饲期7 d,正饲期14 d。试验结果表明:1、不同钙水平日粮对泌乳水牛的产奶性能影响不显著(P>0.05),但0.78%钙水平日粮组水牛的产奶量分别比其他3组提高5.4%、5.5%、3.9%,不同钙水平对水牛奶营养成分影响不显著(P>0.05)。2、不同钙水平日粮对水牛血浆中钙含量影响差异显著(P<0.05);随着日粮钙水平的上升,水牛血液甲状旁腺素和1,25二羟基维生素D呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)。综合各指标,日粮钙占采食干物质的比例为0.78%能进一步提高泌乳水牛产奶量。     

阿拉善荒漠区主要盐生植物水势日变化

以内蒙古阿拉善盟荒漠区的代表性盐生植物胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、梭梭(Haloxylom ammodendron)、沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)和小叶杨(P.simonii)等5种优势植物为研究对象,对其叶片水势的日变化进行了测...