全包围光源结构的单粒小麦蛋白质含量检测装置研究

针对单粒小麦蛋白质含量等内部表型的实时检测需求,设计了基于近红外漫反射光谱的无损定量检测装置,阐述了光源结构设计、硬件系统设计和软件系统构建。选用近红外LED微型灯珠,以6行8列形式均匀分布于圆柱形铝合金灯筒壁上,形成向心全包围的物理结构,LED灯珠引脚通过16根导电铜柱并联连接,灯筒上顶部设有红外对射传感器,当检测到谷物经由灯筒内的玻璃滑道时,光谱仪通过一分二型光纤分别从灯筒上顶部和下底部收集漫反射光谱,基于C++语言的上位机软件将其转换为吸光度,再根据嵌入模型进行实时预测。获取了300粒单粒小麦900~1 700 nm范围的全包围漫反射光谱,进行归一化处理后,分别建立了基于全光谱(FS)和连续投影算法(SPA)提取特征波长的单粒蛋白质含量预测模型。试验结果表明,两个模型校正集的R2分别为0.960 4和0.844 6,验证集R2分别为0.801 6和0.819;从实用性和预测效果出发,选择基于SPA特征波长的蛋白质模型作为嵌入式预测模型;分别验证了该装置的波长重复性、吸光度重复性和预测重复性,结果表明,本装置可以用于单粒谷物内部表型的实时、无损、定量检测。     

不同灌溉定额下春小麦光合光响应特征研究

为了探讨荒漠绿洲区春小麦在干旱环境下的适应机制,测定了6个灌溉处理下春小麦的光合响应过程,采用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、直角双曲线修正模型和指数模型分别对春小麦光响应曲线进行了拟合比较,筛选出最优模型,并利用最优模型对不同灌溉处理下春小麦的光合特征参数进行了计算。试验结果表明,随着灌溉量的增加,小麦叶片光合性能呈增加趋势,且灌浆前期大于灌浆后期;经误差分析,不同灌溉定额下4种模型的光响应曲线拟合结果存在差异,直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和指数模型对高灌水处理的光响应曲线模拟精度高于低灌水处理;直角双曲线修正模型对所有处理的模拟精度均最高,是拟合荒漠绿洲区春小麦光响应曲线的最优模型;光合参数显示,420 mm灌溉定额处理下春小麦的最大光合速率、表观量子效率、光饱和点均高于其他灌溉处理,而光补偿点则显著降低。荒漠绿洲区,适当的灌溉定额有利于扩大春小麦光的适应范围,提高光能利用能力,增加产量。     

培肥措施对复垦土壤轻重组有机碳氮的影响

为揭示复垦土壤轻重组分有机碳氮随复垦年限和培肥措施变化的特征,采用密度分组方法研究了不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、单施有机肥(M)、有机无机配施(MCF)和生物有机肥与化肥配施(MCFB)5种培肥措施下复垦4,8年土壤轻重组分碳氮含量及碳氮比变化规律。结果表明:复垦土壤总有机碳氮与轻重组有机碳氮含量变化趋势总体均表现为随复垦年限的增加而显著提高。经过8年复垦,不同处理间,单施有机肥对总有机碳(TOC)、总有机氮(TON)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、重组有机碳(HFOC)与轻组有机氮(LFON)、重组有机氮(HFON)的提高效果总体优于其他处理,与生土相比,增加幅度分别为148.10%,68.09%,163.68%,129.51%,35.00%,92.59%。土壤轻组组分C/N重组组分C/N,土壤轻组组分C/N总体表现为随复垦年限增加而提高,以单施化肥最高,达25.48;重组C/N表现为随复垦年限增加而降低,以单施化肥最低,为6.44。施肥对土壤碳氮库管理指数影响显著,各施肥处理均以生物有机肥与化肥配施处理效果最好。综合来看,在等量养分投入的情况下,单施有机肥更有利于采煤塌陷区复垦土壤总有机碳氮库及轻重组有机碳的积累,单施化肥更大程度促进了轻组组分有机碳和重组组分有机氮的提升幅度。     

基于LIN总线的车灯控制器的设计

LIN总线是一种低成本的串行通讯网络,用于实现汽车网络中的分布式电子系统控制。提出一种LIN总线的车灯控制器的设计方案,详细介绍LIN总线在车灯模块中的应用。该系统可以通过LIN总线的应用,准确、可靠、实时的对数据进行传输,实现对车灯的控制。     

Botrytis cinerea in greenhouse vegetables: chemical,cultural, physiological and biological controls and their integration

Botrytis cinerea is an ubiquitous pathogen which causes severe losses in many fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops. The pathogen infects leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. The complexity of diseases caused by B. cinerea in greenhouses makes this pathogen one of the most important diseases of vegetable crops in greenhouse in many countries. In general, epidemics occur in cool and humid conditions, which favour infection and may also predispose the host to become susceptible. High relative humidity in the greenhouse and free moisture on plant surfaces are considered the most important environmental factors which influence infection by B. cinerea. In this review we specify the factors affecting the development of diseases incited by B. cinerea and discuss different approaches for its suppression. Chemical and non-chemical controls are outlined and their integration is discussed. Finally, achievements, gaps in knowledge, and future needs are indicated. The most common means for disease management is by application of chemical fungicides. Both spraying of fungicides and application of fungicides directly to sporulating wounds is practiced. However, high activity of several fungicides is being lost, at least in part, due to the development of resistance. As fungicides still remain an important tool for control of epidemics caused by B. cinerea, it is important to monitor populations of the pathogen for their resistance towards potential fungicides. Cultural measures can be a powerful means to suppress plant diseases in greenhouses where the value of crops is high and the farmers make considerable efforts during long cropping seasons. Such measures are usually aimed at altering the microclimate in the canopy and around susceptible plant organs, prevention of inoculum entrance into the greenhouse and its build up, and, rendering the host plants less susceptible to diseases. Calcium loading of plant tissues and alteration of nitrogen fertilization reduce susceptibility to Botrytis. Cultivars resistant to B. cinerea are not available. Another alternative methods to control B. cinerea is by means of biological control agents. At least one preparation is already available in the market and in many cases it was as effective as the conventional fungicides. A decision support system was recently developed for integration of chemical and biological controls. Adaquate suppression of B. cinerea diseases in greenhouse crops is an attainable goal. In our opinion this goal can be reached by considering the ecology of the pathosystem in its broader sense and by integration of all possible control measures. This implies optimization of plant nutrition, microlimate and control (cultural, biological, physiological and, if necessary, chemical) measures. Moreover, Botrytis management must be incorporated in a more holistic system that is compatible with insect control, crop production systems and profitability of the crop.     

几种生态因子对银纹夜蛾实验种群的影响

本文以主要质量指标对比了用人工半合成饲料与天然饲料饲养银纹夜蛾的结果，表明人工半合成饲料明显优于天然饲料。研究了幼虫饲养密度对存活的影响，四龄末幼虫存活率与一龄幼虫密度呈抛物线关系，化蛹率、蛹重与五幼虫密度呈直线下降关系，相对湿度、夜间光照强度、食物等对成虫生殖有显著影响。     

Light quality of continuous illuminating at night to induce floral initiation of Fragaria chiloensis L. CHI-24-1

A wild strawberry strain, Fragaria chiloensis CHI-24-1, produced inflorescences from both parent and asexually propagated daughter plants linked with runners when grown at 23 °C/20 °C (day/night) under a 24 h day-length (DL) of daylight plus nightly lighting by an incandescent lamp, but not under 8 or 16 h DLs. In the present study, the effect of light quality for continuous illuminating at night on floral initiation of CHI-24-1 plants grown under a 24 h DL was examined. The CHI-24-1 plants were grown under a 24 h DL consisting of natural daylight and continuous lighting at night by an incandescent, a blue fluorescent, a red fluorescent or a far-red fluorescent lamp for 40 days in summer and autumn. Also, the CHI-24-1 plants were grown for 40 days in a growth chamber at 25 °C/20 °C (day/night) with natural daylight and continuous lighting at night by red- and four types of far-red light-emitting-diodes (LEDs with peak wavelengths of 660, 700, 735, 780 and 830 nm). In both experiments, floral initiation of the parent and daughter plants was observed under a stereomicroscope. Although more than 50% of the parent and daughter plants initiated flower buds under the incandescent and far-red fluorescent lamps, about 15% and 0% of those initiated flower buds under blue and red fluorescent lamps, respectively. Floral initiation of the parent and daughter plants occurred under the far-red LED light source whose peak wavelength was 735 nm, but not under the red or the other far-red LEDs. From these results, it can be concluded that the effective light wavelength range of nightly continuous illuminating for floral induction in the CHI-24-1 plants is 735 nm in the far-red light region. Hence, the induction of floral initiation by nightly continuous far-red light (735 nm) appeared to be a response mediated by phytochrome.     

高温强光下耐热性不同的两个甘蓝品种幼苗光合作用差异的研究

 以耐热性不同的两个甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) 品种为材料, 对短期高温强光胁迫下光合作用的差异做了初步探讨, 结果表明: 在叶温40℃, 1 200μmol·m^{- 2} ·s^{- 1}的光强下, ‘大牛心’净光合速率比‘无粉8号’高出约30% , 与28℃叶温下光合速率结果相比较, 两品种分别降低7%和24% , 高温下, 大牛心的光合速率显示较强的耐热性。40℃预处理后随着光强的升高, 光系统II ( PSII)的电子传递效率(ΦPSII) 和PSII的激发能捕获效率( Fv'/Fm') 持续下降, 而非光化学猝灭(NPQ) 持续增加, 慢组分( qI) 一直维持在NPQ的10%左右, NPQ的增加主要是快组分( qf) 的迅速增加。可见高温强光胁迫下依赖于叶黄素循环的高能态猝灭是甘蓝幼苗叶片耗散过剩激发能的主要方式。然而两品种之间ΦPSII、Fv'/Fm'、NPQ及其qf和qI均无显著性差异, 且最大光化学效率( Fv/Fm) , 细胞间隙CO₂ 浓度(Ci) , 光呼吸速率( Pr) 也无显著性差异。因此在短期高温强光胁迫下两品种净光合速率差异主要取决于与光反应无关的非气孔限制。     

一种用于叶片散射光分布测定的新型装置及性能评价

采用微功率激光管作为光源,围绕被测样品旋转的硅光电池作为检测器,研制了一种可以测定植物单个叶片反射和透射光在入射面上分布的装置。分别在650 nm和830 nm波长光照条件下,测定了标准白板(参比样)的反射光和大叶黄杨树叶的反射和透射在入射面上的光强分布。测定结果表明该装置有很好的重现性。所研制的装置可用于植物冠层光辐射传输机理研究。     

“渔光互补”下的微电网多目标能量优化调度策略

针对“渔光互补”下的微电网系统,为平衡能源“不可能三角”,提出一种多目标优化的能量优化调度方法。首先,基于“渔光互补”背景建立光-蓄-荷微电网系统模型,提出包含经济性、环保性及综合性的多维动态目标函数。其次,考虑麻雀搜索算法存在多样性不足和易陷入局部最优的缺陷,提出基于模拟退火算法及混合策略改进的麻雀搜索算法（SA-ISSA）的微电网能量优化调度策略。最后,针对上海崇明璞叶小镇“渔光互补”工厂化养殖基地进行实例验证,采用SA-ISSA算法对微电网模型求解,获得最优能量调度方案。实验结果表明,SA-ISSA算法在解决微电网能量优化调度问题上具有更好的性能和应用价值,可为“渔光互补”下微电网能量优化调度策略提供参考。