A method of production data analysis for multi-fractured horizontal well in shale gas reservoir

Production data analysis is an effective method of evaluating gas in place, parameters of reservoir and hydraulic fractures. Current model of production data analysis fails to make sense because of the existence of absorption, multi-fracturing, and stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). Considering the effect of desorption, fracture interacting and closed boundary, the authors calculate the productivity of multi-fractured horizontal well in shale gas by Laplace transform and pressure superposition principle. Then theoretical charts of Agarwal-Gardner production decline curves are presented by employing new definition of dimensionless material balance time and dimensionless production, which is based on asymptotic approximations. The result shows that Agarwal-Gardner curves can be divided into two parts where they are scattered in early transient period, and where their shape was influenced by parameters relevant to adsorption, position of each fracture and reservoir geometry, and then drawn to Arps harmonious decline in pseudo steady state period. Reservoir parameters, hydraulic fracture characteristics and gas in place are evaluated by using the type curve matching with actual production data.     

固液发酵法生产柿子醋的技术研究

以柿子为原料,采用固液发酵法生产的柿子醋,含有醋酸、有机酸、醇、糖、矿物质、维生素和氨基酸等成分,营养价值高,保健作用强。     

如皋火腿辐照保质技术的初步研究

使用辐照技术对如皋火腿真空包装制品进行了保质试验。结果表明,火腿经4kGy和8kGy的辐照剂量处理后,虽达到了一定的保质期,但其脂肪的过氧化值有所升高;然而在火腿中添加复合抗氧化剂并实施真空包装后,再进行辐照处理,则可使火腿品质得到明显改善,达到了预期的保质效果,从而为火腿类产品的超市销售提供了可能。     

基于逆系统方法的直驱式AMT换挡控制方法

为提高直驱式AMT换挡品质的稳定性,针对2自由度电磁执行器的特性引入逆系统控制方法。阐述了执行器的结构及工作原理,通过建模分析了执行器参数耦合现象,执行器静态特性测试表明其输出特性具有非线性的特点。引入逆系统方法并分析系统的可逆性,建立执行器的伪线性系统并根据线性系统理论设计状态反馈控制器。扩张状态观测器的引入提高了系统在摩擦阻力时变条件下的输出特性稳定性。仿真与试验结果表明,基于逆系统方法的换挡控制受参数变化影响小,位移控制精度较高,执行器输出特性较为稳定,基于逆系统方法的直驱式AMT换挡性能较为突出,有利于提升AMT竞争力。     

Modelling compaction of agricultural subsoils by tracked heavy construction machinery under various moisture conditions in Switzerland

In recent years, agricultural land in Switzerland has been increasingly used as temporary access ways for heavy machinery in road and pipeline construction operations. The Swiss soil protection law requires that measures are taken to prevent soil compaction in such operations, but gives no criteria to determine tolerable loads. We studied the compaction sensitivity of a loess soil (Haplic Luvisol) at different soil moisture conditions in a field traffic experiment and by a numerical model on the computer using finite element analysis. Two plots, one wetted by sprinkling and one left dry (no sprinkling), were traversed by heavy caterpillar vehicles during construction of a large overland gas pipeline. Compaction effects were determined by comparing precompression stresses of samples taken from trafficked and non-trafficked soil. A finite element model with a constitutive relation, based on the concept of critical state soil mechanics, was used to interpret the outcome of the field trials.

We found significantly higher precompression stresses in the trafficked (median 97 kPa) compared with the non-trafficked (median 41 kPa) topsoil of the wet plot. No effect was evident in the topsoil of the dry plot as well as in the subsoils of the wet and the dry plot. The observed compaction effects were in agreement with the model predictions if the soil was assumed to be partially drained, but disagreed for the wet subsoil if fully drained conditions were assumed. Agreement between model and experimental results also required that the moisture dependence of the precompression stress was taken into account.     

FEM analysis of subsoil reaction on heavy wheel loads with emphasis on soil preconsolidation stress and cohesion

Heavy sugarbeet harvesters may compact subsoil. But it is very difficult to study this by field experiments that resemble agricultural practice. Therefore, an analysis was made by a finite element method (FEM) for a relevant calcaric fluvial soil profile, the mechanical properties of which were largely known. Measuring data of this Lobith loam soil includes preconsolidation stress, compression index and swelling index, all as a function of depth. Using these three types of soil parameters calculations have been done for tyre sizes, inflation pressures and wheel loads that occur with heaviest sugarbeet harvesters available on the European market in 1999. Because no values on soil cohesion were available, the calculations were done for several cohesion levels. The results include the detection of regions with Mohr–Coulomb plasticity and regions with cap plasticity (compaction hardening). For the soil studied—a typical soil strength profile for arable land with ploughpan in the Netherlands in the autumn of 1977—all studied combinations of wheel load and inflation pressure did not induce compaction in and below the ploughpan. The size of the region with Mohr–Coulomb plasticity decreased with increasing cohesion. It appeared from a sensitivity analysis that, although soil modelling may use a great number of soil parameters, the most important parameters seem to be: preconsolidation stress and cohesion. There is an urgent need for data of these parameters that are measured on a great range of subsoils and subsoil conditions.     

球形食品真空冷却过程中参数分析

建立了描述球形食品在真空冷却中传热、传质的数学模型。通过数值求解得到真空压力、产品质量、产品温度(表面温度、中心温度、质量平均温度)随时间的变化曲线。实验装置中高精度的数据采集系统能够在线测定和记录真空室压力、产品质量、产品不同位置的温度随时间的变化。在春收甘蓝的真空冷却实验中，模拟的压力和实测的压力在10000～600 Pa的降压过程中最大相差100 Pa；模拟值和实测值间温度的最大差值小于1℃；真空冷却中，模拟的甘蓝的水分损失率是3.32%，实测的甘蓝水分损失率是2.97%，相差0.35%。研究结果对     

数字农业工程技术体系及其发展

数字农业工程是“数字农业”的核心组成部分,论述了数字农业工程技术体系的定义、内涵和构成,并就其目标及任务提出了观点,对数字农业信息获取技术进行了描述,对相关优先发展的领域提出了发展建议。     

海南海花岛软基处理工程中真空预压法的改进与机理分析

疏浚淤泥这种超软土地基目前主要采用排水固结法进行加固,然而,工程实践发现,淤堵是一个重要的问题,新型防淤堵材料和施工工艺是研究的热点。依托恒大海南海花岛真空预压处理工程,引入一种应用于超软土地基处理的新型防淤堵真空预压法。该方法是直排式真空预压方法的进一步改进,将防淤堵排水板取代传统排水板,在连接方式上,将无孔钢丝软管取代了水平波纹管,也将传统的包扎捆绑改进成了三通密封接头,枪钉固定。结合施工动态监测和加固后检测,表明了该方法的加固效果和实用性。在此基础上,结合已有的室内模型试验研究,阐述其抽真空过程中在排水板附近防淤堵的原理和改善机制。     

两种干燥方式对香椿粉品质特性的影响

以香椿为原料,研究真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥对香椿粉的物理特性、基本成分、抗氧化活性、风味物质和微观结构的影响。结果表明：真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的综合品质较好。在物理特性方面,真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的得率较高、色泽浓绿,复水性、吸油性好;而喷雾干燥香椿粉的溶解度高、堆积密度大。在基本成分方面,真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的蛋白质、皂苷、生物碱含量均高于喷雾干燥;而VC、黄酮、多糖含量在两种干燥方式的香椿粉中无显著性差异。在抗氧化活性方面,真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的DPPH自由基清除力和还原力均高于喷雾干燥。在风味物质方面,从真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥的香椿粉中分别鉴定出49和41种挥发性成分,且真空冷冻干燥香椿粉含有较高的特征风味物质2-巯基-3, 4-二甲基-2,3-二氢噻吩。扫描电镜观察微观结构发现真空冷冻干燥香椿粉呈现蜂窝状松散结构,而喷雾干燥香椿粉多呈现出干瘪的圆球体状。综合考虑,真空冷冻干燥是一种适合制备高品质香椿粉的干燥方式。