浅谈牧草转基因育种研究进展

简要概述了牧草遗传转化方向及牧草转基因所取得的主要贡献,介绍了牧草遗传转化三种方法,并就今后的发展前景和转基因育种生物安全问题做了初步探讨。     

轮状病毒转基因植物疫苗的研究进展

轮状病毒病是引起人和动物肠胃炎的一种传染病,发病率和死亡率较高,至今没有特效药可以治疗,传统疫苗预防效果不佳。随着生物技术的不断发展,一种新型的转基因植物疫苗有望解决这个难题。人类和动物食用了这种转基因植物之后,就可以获得抗体,产生免疫力,以预防此病。     

喀斯特石漠化地区饲用植物青贮化利用

为了解决单一的饲喂方式不利于家畜的健康生长,也与当前的生态畜牧业相背离的问题,文章通过在喀斯特地区选取潜在-轻度石漠化地区的饲用植物进行青贮实验研究,结果表明:(1)在感官变化上的优劣为扁穗雀麦=黑麦>鸭茅>高羊茅,其中除了高羊茅是二等尚好等级外,其余三种牧草均为一等优良;(2)通过青贮处理后,牧草的干物质含量具有明显上升趋势;(3)添加乳酸菌对维持牧草的有氧稳定性较好,四种牧草都是在0～60 h时间段pH值变化较大,在60～120 h变化较小;(4)青贮具有明显改善牧草品质的作用。说明青贮既是发展生态畜牧业必不可少的成分,又是通过防治水土流失来抑制石漠化的衍生产业,与治理石漠化具有明显的趋同性。     

彭水县野生药用蜜粉源植物资源

位于重庆市东南部的彭水县因亚热带湿润季风气候使其生物资源丰富,种类繁多。对彭水县蜜粉源植物调查发现150余种蜜粉源植物,其中野生具有药用价值的99种,隶属于49科,84属。重要的药用蜜粉源植物有盐肤木(Rhus chinensis Mill.)、川莓(Rubus setchuenensis Bureau et Franch.)、川续断(Dipsacus asperoides C. Y. Cheng et T. M.Ai)、大叶醉鱼草(Buddleja davidii Franch.)等。     

RNAi技术在转基因猪中的应用研究进展

RNAi技术介导的转基因小鼠的出现,预示着在哺乳动物整体水平上研究靶基因的敲除成为可能。目前,针对家畜这一类较大的动物,出现了RNAi技术介导的转基因猪,为应用RNAi技术培育抗猪病毒新品种奠定基础。文章以RNAi转基因猪为代表,阐述了RNAi技术在哺乳动物细胞中特殊的现象及最有应用前景之一的抗病毒逃逸方法,并详细介绍了RNAi技术在抗病转基因猪中的研究进展。     

日粮中C3、C4 植物含量对牛肉品质和主要化学成分的影响

 为探讨C₃和C₄ 植物在日粮中的含量对牛肉品质和主要化学成分的影响,本试验选用大豆粕、小麦麸、小麦、棉籽饼、苜蓿干草作为C₃植物试验材料,选用黄贮玉米秸、玉米酒精糟、玉米作为C₄ 植物试验材料,选用36头西门塔尔杂种公牛作为试验动物开展了肥育和屠宰试验。结果表明,日粮中C₄ 植物含量对肥育牛增重、牛肉的脂肪酸、氨基酸（其中甘氨酸不确定除外）、水分含量以及牛肉的剪切力、蒸煮损失率、滴水损失率、大理石花纹评分和眼肌面积均没有显著的影响。日粮中C₃ 植物含量对肥育牛增重、牛肉的脂肪酸（其中十七烷酸不确定除外）、氨基酸（其中丝氨酸和苏氨酸不确定除外）、水分含量以及牛肉的剪切力、蒸煮损失率、大理石花纹评分和眼肌面积也均没有显著的影响。     

干旱胁迫对4种景天科植物生理生化指标的影响

为筛选适合北方地区的屋顶绿化植物,以4种景天科植物为试材,采用盆栽控水法研究干旱胁迫对植物叶片相对含水量、相对电导率及丙二醛含量等抗旱性生理指标的影响,并结合植物生长状况及隶属函数法综合评价4种植物的抗旱能力强弱。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫时间的增加,形态上卧茎景天(Sedum sarmentosum)、长药景天(Hylotelephium spectabile)和堪察加景天(S. kamtschaticum)的评价等级为生长一般,德国景天(S. hybridum cv.Immergrunchell)生长受抑制。各种景天的叶片相对含水量都呈下降趋势,卧茎景天的相对电导率及丙二醛含量增幅较小,抗旱性较强。通过隶属函数综合评价,4种景天植物的抗旱能力大小为卧茎景天>长药景天>堪察加景天>德国景天。     

Salinity an Environmental “Filter” Selecting for Plant Invasiveness? Evidence from Indigenous Lepidium alyssoides on Chihuahuan Desert Shrublands

A better understanding of site-specific factors such as soil salinity that regulate plant invasions is needed. We conducted a 3-mo greenhouse study to evaluate the salinity responses of three local maternal sources of Lepidium alyssoides, which is an indigenous species shown to aggressively colonize disturbed shrubland sites in the southwestern United States, including those affected by high salinity and sodicity. Results indicated that there were little or no population effects on plant evapotranspiration (ET), growth, and tissue Na and Cl concentrations. Significant reductions in seedling growth and ET were largely independent of various isosmotic saline irrigation solutions that included NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and CaCl₂, each at ? 0.1 MPa and ? 0.2 MPa, suggesting that ET and growth were controlled by solution osmotic potential. The combined Na and Cl concentrations in leaves were 9–10% of dry weight with no visible sign of injury. However, increasing leaf mortality and abscission as a proportion of total leaf production was observed in the high-salt treatments (? 0.2 MPa), with a combined Na and Cl concentration reaching 16% with high NaCl. Under saline conditions, considerable foliage salt loads of this species could deposit high-salt litter to potentially alter a landscape to its own favor and to the detriment of other salt-sensitive species. Results of this study add to a limited quantitative database on site-specific salinity factors governing plant invasions by showing the potential for these populations to behave invasively under saline conditions and, thus, potential for soil salinity assessment to predict incipient populations. However, due to its halophytic traits and indigenous status, L. alyssoides may alternatively provide ecosystem services to salinized shrublands of the arid and semiarid southwestern United States.     

Ethnoveterinary Medicine in the Northern Provinces of Cameroon

Veterinary Research Communications -