不同生境芦苇的营养成分分析

本文分析了分布在不同生境条件下的芦苇的营养成分，结果表明，（１）单位面积地上部生物量以沼泽芦苇为最高，沙丘芦苇次之，过渡带芦苇较低，盐化草甸芦苇最低；碳水化合物总量沙丘芦苇＞沼泽芦苇＞过渡带芦苇＞盐化草甸芦苇；粗蛋白含量由高到低顺序为：盐化草甸芦苇、沙丘芦苇、沼泽芦苇、过渡带芦苇。（２）４种生境芦苇的总氨基酸和游离氨基酸中均含有１８种天然氢基酸，其中１０种必需氨基酸含量因生境条件不同而备有差异。但总氨基酸及结构氨基酸中必需氨基酸含量均在１０％以上。由此得出，４种生境芦苇利用价值由高到低的顺序依次为：沙丘芦苇、沼泽芦苇、过渡带芦苇、盐化草甸芦苇。     

微波辅助提取茄子根中总黄酮工艺条件研究

以烘干茄子根为原料,以茄子根中总黄酮提取率为指标,利用微波辅助提取茄子根中总黄酮。选取乙醇浓度、微波时间、微波温度、微波功率、料液比为单因素试验,在单因素试验基础上,以正交试验设计方法优化提取工艺。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:乙醇浓度为80%、微波时间为4min、微波温度为60℃、微波功率为300W、料液比1∶20(g/mL),在此最佳条件下,茄子根总黄酮的提取率达1.652%。     

全混合日粮中添加牛至精油对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和蹄病发生率的影响

本研究旨在探讨向全混合日粮(TMR)中添加牛至精油对日粮温度、荷斯坦奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量和蹄病发生率的影响。选择72头健康荷斯坦奶牛,根据生产性能、泌乳天数和胎次相近原则进行配对试验设计分为试验组[产奶量(29.88±8.55)kg·d-1,TMR中添加牛至精油]和对照组[产奶量(29.15±7.07)kg·d-1,TMR中未添加牛至精油],每组36头牛。试验组奶牛按每天每头0.028 kg添加牛至精油。结果表明,在6月份17:00,7月份13:00、17:00,8月份13:00、17:00试验组TMR日粮温度升高幅度显著低于对照组(P0.05);5月份试验组奶牛干物质采食量显著高于对照组(P0.05),6、7、8月份极显著高于对照组(P0.01);6、7、8、9月份试验组产奶量极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。因此,牛至精油可降低TMR温度、改善适口性、提高新鲜度;同时还可增加奶牛干物质采食量及产奶量,尤其当奶牛处于北方夏季高温天气下,这一效果尤为显著。     

保护性耕作下黄土高原作物轮作系统土壤健康评价

摘要：在黄土高原雨养农业区,以4个耕作处理[传统耕作(t)、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖（ts）、免耕(nt)和免耕+秸秆覆盖(nts)]的2年3熟粮豆轮作系统为对象,研究了0~5和5~10 cm土壤全碳、有机碳、全氮及微生物生物量碳和氮等指标的变化特征。结果表明,实施保护性耕作7年后,有机碳含量在ts、nt和nts处理下比t处理显著增加22.9%、25.3%和42.6%,0~5 cm层土壤微生物生物量碳和氮含量均以nts最高,t处理最低。在0~10 cm土层内,免耕促进了土壤碳的表聚化,但耕作有助于秸秆有机碳在土壤剖面的均匀分布。研究结果表明,短期尺度下微生物量碳和氮是反映耕作措施的敏感指标,中期尺度下土壤有机碳可以敏感反映土壤健康状况。     

放牧对土壤碳、氮含量空间变异的影响

本研究检测了不同放牧强度下荒漠草原淡栗钙土的碳、氮含量,应用地统计学方法分析放牧强度对土壤碳、氮空间变异的影响。结果表明,土壤碳、氮均属中等变异程度。土壤碳、氮含量随放牧强度的加大而呈现减少的趋势。未放牧、中度放牧以及重度放牧的土壤碳、氮的空间变异主要是由区域因素引起的,空间变异大;而轻度放牧土壤碳、氮的空间变异是区域因素和放牧等随机性因素共同作用的结果,属中等程度的空间相关性。土壤碳、氮的变异总体表现为未放牧>轻度放牧>中度放牧>重度放牧。中度放牧和重度放牧后土壤碳、氮低含量斑块面积随着年度递增而增加。内蒙古四子旗短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）荒漠草原适合轻度放牧。     

Ensiling characteristics of total mixed ration prepared with local feed resources in Mozambique and their effects on nutrition value and milk production in Jersey dairy cattle

To effectively utilize total mixed ration (TMR) prepared with locally available feed resources, we studied the nutritional value and milk production in Jersey dairy cattle fed a local general diet (LGD) and fermented TMR in Mozambique. Ten head of Jersey dairy cattle with 337 ± 19.8 kg body weight, aged 3–4 years in mid location were used in this study. The LGD diet was designed following the general feeding method of local smallholding farms; it contained native grass, Napier grass, wheat bran, and mineral–vitamin mix. Fermented TMR was prepared using Napier grass, corn bran, wheat bran, formula feed, and mineral–vitamin mix. Fermented TMR was preserved as good quality, with a relatively low pH and high lactic acid content. Compared to LGD, fermented TMR significantly improved the dry matter intake and digestibility in dairy cattle. Milk yield was significantly higher in dairy cattle fed with TMR than in those fed with LGD, by 3.75 L/d; milk quality was not significantly different between treatments. The results confirmed that LGD had a low dry matter intake and milk yield, and fermented TMR prepared with local feed resources can attain good quality and improve milk yield in dairy cattle in Mozambique.     

Relation between milk urea content and nitrogen excretion from lactating cows

Abstract

Thirty-two Chinese Holstein lactating cows were used to investigate the relationship of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and nitrogen excretion loading to the environment. Cows were fed a similar amount of forage, and concentrates according to milk production. Total collection of urine and faeces were conducted continuously for three days. The milk urea nitrogen was significantly correlated to total nitrogen excretion (R ²=0.70), urinary nitrogen excretion (R ²=0.85), and nitrogen excretion from faeces (R ²=0.22). The following equation was proposed to predict total nitrogen excretion (TNE) (g/d) based on milk urea nitrogen (MUN) (mg/dl): TNE?=?15.46(±1.83)×MUN?+?193.40(±28.79). The results obtained in this study suggested that MUN might be used to predict TNE from lactating cows.     

ASVCP guidelines: quality assurance for point‐of‐care testing in veterinary medicine

Point‐of‐care testing (POCT) refers to any laboratory testing performed outside the conventional reference laboratory and implies close proximity to patients. Instrumental POCT systems consist of small, handheld or benchtop analyzers. These have potential utility in many veterinary settings, including private clinics, academic veterinary medical centers, the community (eg, remote area veterinary medical teams), and for research applications in academia, government, and industry. Concern about the quality of veterinary in‐clinic testing has been expressed in published veterinary literature; however, little guidance focusing on POCT is available. Recognizing this void, the ASVCP formed a subcommittee in 2009 charged with developing quality assurance (QA) guidelines for veterinary POCT. Guidelines were developed through literature review and a consensus process. Major recommendations include (1) taking a formalized approach to POCT within the facility, (2) use of written policies, standard operating procedures, forms, and logs, (3) operator training, including periodic assessment of skills, (4) assessment of instrument analytical performance and use of both statistical quality control and external quality assessment programs, (5) use of properly established or validated reference intervals, (6) and ensuring accurate patient results reporting. Where possible, given instrument analytical performance, use of a validated 1_3s control rule for interpretation of control data is recommended. These guidelines are aimed at veterinarians and veterinary technicians seeking to improve management of POCT in their clinical or research setting, and address QA of small chemistry and hematology instruments. These guidelines are not intended to be all‐inclusive; rather, they provide a minimum standard for maintenance of POCT instruments in the veterinary setting.     

厚朴总酚抗氧化作用及其机制研究进展

厚朴总酚是一种提取于传统中药厚朴的酚类混合物,主要包含厚朴酚、和厚朴酚两种有效活性成分,具有抗病毒、抗菌、抗炎和抗腹泻等多种生物学功能,而厚朴总酚的抗氧化作用则是其发挥生物学功能的重要基础。作者对厚朴总酚通过清除自由基、增强抗氧化酶活性和阻断脂质过氧化3种途径发挥其抗氧化作用的机制进行了综述,旨在为深入研究其抗氧化作用及作为“绿色”抗氧化剂应用于畜牧生产提供参考。