“空中拖拉机”在复杂山区防治蜀柏毒蛾试验

摘要：本文首次在地形复杂、地势陡峭的四川省梓潼县七曲山国家级森林公园运用AT-504飞机防治蜀柏毒蛾2—3龄幼虫,作业流量2400mL·hm,喷幅80m,平均雾滴密度为15个·cm,雾滴直径140～200μm,喷洒覆盖率达90％以上。结果表明：“空中拖拉机”在复杂山区的喷洒作业质量与在平原地区相比,没有明显差异。喷洒1．2％烟碱·苦参碱乳油和3％苯氧威乳油15天内蜀柏毒蛾虫口减退率达89．5％和88．0％,飞防效果十分显著。“空中拖拉机”不仅适合平原地区农业和林业飞机喷洒作业,而且适合复杂山区林业有害生物的飞防作业,具有效果好,成本低、效率高的优点,可以大面积推广应用。     

The evaluation of the synergetic degree of ecology economy society system of China forestry during the last decade

Ecological ravages, environmental pollution, and the developmental problems of regional ecology, economy, and society are not geographical restrictions. The synergistic development of the ecology-economy-society system in forestry was quantitatively assessed by system theory and synergistic dynamic models, illustration of the metering principle and corresponding theory, assessing and quantizing synergistic development status of ecology-economy-society system, and the orderliness of the subsystem of the last decade. The orderliness of the ecology and ecological subsystems developed unstably with an increasing trend. The eco-environment construction and eco-conservation achievement of forestry in China are effective and need to be maintained. The industry structure should be improved to promote the growth of the forestry economy. The society subsystem development is increasing but is not at a high level, which indicates that the public demand to ecological service was not satisfied. The theoretical analysis and numerical examples show that the development of the forestry system has a good development state. The synergy changes of forestry system in the 0 to 0.951 range, which is in the intermediate degree of synergy during this period. It still needs much improvement on efficiency of synergy. The orderliness and the relationship among the subsystems of forestry should be improved in future.     

试论森林生态系统是一类复杂适应性系统

介绍了复杂适应性系统理论产生的背景、概念和核心思想, 进而指出其在解决当代资源与环境问题以及生物、生态、经济、社会等复杂系统及复杂性管理中的开拓性意义; 从森林生态系统的特点出发, 说明其是一类复杂适应性系统, 指出该理论对于研究森林生态系统的复杂性与林业生态建设的重大意义。     

壳聚糖金属配合物的防腐性能

壳聚糖金属聚合物 [如壳聚糖铜聚合物 (CCC)和壳聚糖锌配合物 (CZC) ]是壳聚糖和金属盐类反应生成的一种新型有机高分子聚合物。用CCC和CZC与铜铬砷 (CCA)分别处理马尾松和毛白杨边材 ,进行木材防腐试验 ,结果表明 :CCC和CZC对褐腐菌棉腐卧孔菌的防腐性能与CCA相比 ,CZC达到最耐腐等级 ,防腐效果接近CCA ,其锌离子临界保持量为 0 780kg·m- 3(腐朽后质量损失 1 18% ) ,但CCC防褐腐效果明显不如CZC ;CCC对白腐菌彩绒革盖菌的防腐性能达到最耐腐等级 ,防腐效果接近CCA ,其铜离子临界保持量为 0 82 4kg·m- 3(腐朽后质量损失2 4 5 % ) ;CZC和氯化锌对白腐菌的防腐效果不明显。     

林草结合的国土生态安全体系建设

本文在分析吉林西部的生态特点、植物地域分布规律和林少草稀的主要矛盾之后,论述了乔灌草结构是最佳生态结构,最后介绍了生态草建设工程是按照生态适应性和植物地域分布规律建设林草结合的国土生态安全体系的最佳模式。     

杉木幼林与大豆立体复合经营模式及其综合效益的研究

通过６ａ试验，提出了杉木幼林与大豆立体复合经营模式，其中包括：选择抗旱、耐瘠、高产稳产、适宜杉木幼林立体经营的大豆良种（本试验从７８个品种中筛选出６个优良品种），适时播种（春大豆４月１日～１５日，夏大豆５月１５～２５日），合理的株行距（２０～５０ｃｍ）和每个播种穴合理留苗数（２～４株／穴），用钙镁磷出作基肥（２２５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２），因地制宜施少量氮肥（尿素３７．５～７５．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２），适宜立体复合经营的杉木幼林应为造林后１～２ａ，林地应为阳坡，豆株与幼树的距离３３ｃｍ以上。杉木—大豆立体经营，不仅能增加粮食和直接经济收入，而且提高了光能利用率，改善林地小气候，减少林地水土流失，改良了土壤，使杉木幼林年生长量比一级提高２０％左右。     

Sulfuric acid bleaching of kraft pulp III: reactivity of kraft pulping-resistant structures under acidic conditions

To investigate the bleaching mechanism, a lignincarbohydrate complex (LCC) model compound, a vinyl ether-type lignin model dimer, and a hexeneuronic acid model compound were treated with dilute sulfuric acid of different pHs. Beech kraft pulp and red pine kraft pulp were also treated with dilute sulfuric acid and then extracted with aqueous alkali. The amount of hexeneuronic acid degradation products in acid effluents and lignin dissolved in alkali effluents were determined. It was found that the benzyl ether-type LCC bond and the vinyl ether bond in lignin were effectively cleaved under the pH where sulfuric acid bleaching of kraft pulp was effective. Hexeneuronic acid group was also effectively degraded during sulfuric acid bleaching. In beech kraft pulp bleaching, both lignin removal and hexeneuronic acid removal contributed to the kappa number reduction. In red pine bleaching, the contribution of hexeneuronic acid removal was negligible, and most of the kappa number reduction was achieved by the lignin removal.Part of this report was presented at the 9th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Montreal, July 1997     

自卑与超越--沈从文创作心理浅探

从阿德勒的自卑心理学角度来探讨沈从文的创作心理,认为正是沈从文家世的衰落和在北京遭受的歧视使他产生了极度自卑的心理,为了摆脱自卑的重负,他创造了两个相映成趣的文学世界,并因此获得了自尊.但只有沈从文以更具思辩、更带理性的眼光来看取乡村和都市的时候,他的创作才真正地超越了自卑,他也才得以跻身名家之列.     

The Effect of Tryptophan on Serotonin-Like Neurons in Duck Cerebellum

Healthy Cherry Valley ducks were used in the present study. Different doses of tryptophan were injected intraperitoneally to them after being fasted 4 h （8：00 a.m.-12：00 a.m.）. One hour later, they were deeply anaesthetized and perfused. The cerebellum was removed to make serial paraffin longitudinal sections. The streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex （SABC） method was used to study the distribution of serotonin-like neurons in the cerebellum. All films were analysed by using a computer-assisted image analysis system. Serotonin-like neurons are only localized in cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. The optical density averages of serotonin-like neurons in 200 and 100 mg kg^-1 group are significantly higher than that of 0 mg kg^-1 group （P〈0.01）. These results show that serotonin-like neurons are distributed in Purkinje cell layer and that excessive tryptophan can affect the content of serotonin in cerebellum.     

木材防腐剂壳聚糖金属配位聚合物合成条件的优化

采用铜盐(CuCl2)和锌盐(ZnCl2)与壳聚糖反应,生成壳聚糖金属配合物。通过正交试验研究了壳聚糖的脱乙酰度、壳聚糖与金属盐的质量分数比、络合时间、反应温度4个因素对合成两种配合物金属离子质量分数的影响。极差分析表明,各因素对试验结果影响的大小顺序为:壳聚糖的脱乙酰度>壳聚糖与金属盐的质量分数比>络合时间>反应温度;得出壳聚糖金属铜配合物的合成条件为:壳聚糖的脱乙酰度85%~90%,络合时间2 h、氯化铜与壳聚糖的质量分数比为1.2∶1,反应温度为45℃;壳聚糖金属锌配合物的合成条件为:壳聚糖的脱乙酰度85%~90%,络合时间5 h、氯化锌与壳聚糖的质量分数比为1.4∶1,反应温度为55℃。壳聚糖铜、锌配合物合成条件的优化为木材防腐剂的制备提供了新的思路。