Identification of the G143A mutation associated with QoI resistance in Cercospora beticola field isolates from Michigan,United States

BACKGROUND: Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola, is the most serious foliar disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) worldwide. Disease control is mainly achieved by timely fungicide applications. In 2011, CLS control failures were reported in spite of application of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide in several counties in Michigan, United States. The purpose of this study was to confirm the resistant phenotype and identify the molecular basis for QoI resistance of Michigan C. beticola isolates. RESULTS: Isolates collected in Michigan in 1998 and 1999 that had no previous exposure to the QoI fungicides trifloxystrobin or pyraclostrobin exhibited QoI EC₅₀ values of ?0.006 µg mL^?1. In contrast, all isolates obtained in 2011 exhibited EC₅₀ values of > 0.92 µg mL^?1 to both fungicides and harbored a mutation in cytochrome b (cytb) that led to an amino acid exchange from glycine to alanine at position 143 (G143A) compared with baseline QoI‐sensitive isolates. Microsatellite analysis of the isolates suggested that QoI resistance emerged independently in multiple genotypic backgrounds at multiple locations. A real‐time PCR assay utilizing dual‐labeled fluorogenic probes was developed to detect and differentiate QoI‐resistant isolates harboring the G143A mutation from sensitive isolates. CONCLUSION: The G143A mutation in cytb is associated with QoI resistance in C. beticola. Accurate monitoring of this mutation will be essential for fungicide resistance management in this pathosystem. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

入土切割对甘蔗切割过程影响的仿真试验

采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA显式动力学仿真软件及反求技术,建立甘蔗-切割器系统仿真模型,进行甘蔗材料参数反求,获得了适用于动力学仿真的甘蔗材料模型,且进行了物理试验验证;通过建立土壤-甘蔗-切割器系统的动力学仿真模型,进行动力学仿真试验,建立相关数学模型,研究了土壤的软、硬程度及切割状态对甘蔗最大切割力及切割破头的影响,结果表明,土壤的软硬程度对甘蔗的最大切割力影响小,对甘蔗轴向剪应力影响大;甘蔗两刀切断比一刀切断的最大切割力小,甘蔗入土切割比非入土切割的最大切割力大,但轴向剪应力小,甘蔗入土一刀切断的平均轴向剪应力比非入土一刀切断的小43.3%,甘蔗入土两刀切断的轴向剪应力比非入土两刀切断的小49%,入土切割是降低甘蔗切割破头的有效途径。     

外源褪黑素对低温胁迫下桃果实蔗糖代谢的影响

为探究外源褪黑素减轻桃果实低温冷害发生的机制,以湖景蜜露水蜜桃果实为材料,研究了100μmol·L~(-1)外源褪黑素处理对桃果实采后4℃贮藏期间可溶性糖含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶基因表达的影响。结果表明,100μmol·L~(-1)外源褪黑素能显著减轻果实冷害的症状,保持较高水平的蔗糖和葡萄糖含量。RT-q PCR分析表明,外源褪黑素处理抑制了蔗糖代谢相关酶基因Pp SPS3、Pp SPP1、Pp SUS1、Pp SUS5、PpHK1、Pp FK1和Pp FK3的表达,提高了蔗糖合成相关酶基因Pp SPS1、Pp SPS2、Pp SUT1和Pp NI1的表达水平,维持果实较高的蔗糖和葡萄糖含量,从而提高了桃果实的抗冷性和贮藏品质。本研究结果为揭示外源褪黑素减轻桃果实低温冷害发生的机制提供了新的思路。     

不同浓度钠对甜菜生长及生理特性的影响

采用1/2 Hoagland 营养液室内培养试验,研究不同浓度Na+ 对甜菜幼苗生理生化指标和营养元素吸收的影响。结果表明,0.759 mmol/L Na+可提高甜菜幼苗体内Na+ 含量和幼苗高度,增加叶面积（除了9 mmol/L Na+）和干物质量,降低叶片水势,提高叶片的相对含水量、 GPX和CAT的活性,促进甜菜幼苗叶片的吸水及保水能力。3 mmol/L Na+对甜菜幼苗的生长促进作用最明显,可提高CAT、 GPX活性并维持较高的SOD活性,降低MDA含量和相对电导率,未明显降低甜菜体内N、 P和K含量,是甜菜幼苗生长的最佳Na+浓度。     

Effect of Zinc applied together with compound fertilizer on yield and quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of zinc, added into compound fertilizer in the production process, and zinc applied together with compound fertilizer on yield and quality component of sugar beet in 2009–2010.The treatments consisted of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) (12-30-12) compound fertilizer; 2. NPK (12-30-12) compound fertilizer + zinc sulfate and NPK (10-20-20) + 1% Zn compound fertilizer. Root yield, sugar percentage, white sugar percentage (WSP), white sugar yield (WSY), alpha-amino nitrogen, sodium and potassium concentration were investigated in this study. A total of 5 kg ha^?1 zinc application on sugar beet significantly increased the yield and quality of sugar beet; the rate of increase was in the range of 4.62–6.97% in root yield, 2.09–5.75% in sugar percentage, 2.60–8.03% in WSP and 7.84–13.06% in WSY. NPK (10-20-20) + 1% Zn compound fertilizer and NPK (12-30-12) compound fertilizer + zinc applications increased the sugar beet yield and quality values in both years.     

近红外光谱快速检测马铃薯全粉还原糖

还原糖含量是评价马铃薯全粉品质的重要指标之一,该文研究基于近红外光谱技术结合最小二乘支持向量机（least squares support vector machine,LSSVM）算法的马铃薯全粉还原糖含量非线性数学模型。采用移动窗口偏最小二乘法（moving windows partial least square,MWPLS）和连续投影算法（successive projections algorithm,SPA）组合方法筛选出20个特征变量,作为LSSVM的输入向量。优化径向基函数（radial basis function,RBF）的惩罚因子和核参数,训练LSSVM校正模型。经比较,LSSVM校正模型预测结果最优,预测相关系数为0.984,预测标准差为0.223%,相对分析误差（standard deviation ratio,SDR）为5.62。结果表明：近红外光谱结合LSSVM算法提高了马铃薯全粉还原糖含量的预测精度。     

Community structures of Collembola in sugar maple forests: relations to humus type and seasonal trends

Community structures of Collembola and their seasonal fluctuations were studied in eight southern Quebec sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) forests growing on mull, moder and mor humus types. Endogeic species were extracted from soil cores using Berlese-Tullgren funnels while epigeic species were collected using pit-light traps (Luminoc®). Comparisons of species presence, abundance, and dominance among sites and seasons were done using Sorensen's similarity coefficients and CANOCO. A total of 92 species from 7 families and 35 genera were identified. Species dominance and community structure differed according to humus types. Two groups of endogeic species were identified. The mor/mor-moder type group included Folsomia penicula, Hypogastrura (Ceratophysella) spp. Que., Micrisotoma achromata, Onychiurus (Protaphorura)? parvicornis, Onychiurus (Onychiurus) sp. A Que. And Onychiurus (Onychiurus) sp. B Que. The mull/mull-moder type group included Isotoma (Desoria) notabilis, Tullbergia (Tullbergia) silvicola, Tullbergia (Tullbergia) clavata, and Pseudosinella alba. Such clear humus type relationships were not found among the epigeic species, but important seasonal changes in community structures were found for these species. Spring species were Sminthurinus (Katiannina) macgillivrayi, Hypogastrura (Ceratophysella) maheuxi, Hypogastrura (Hypogastrura) sp. A Que. and Sminthurinus (Sminthurinus) latimaculosus. Tomocerus (Pogonognathellus) flavescens, Sminthurinus (Sminthurinus) henshawi, and Orchesella hexfasciata appeared in the summer samples while Dicyrtoma (Dicyrtoma) aurata was found only in fall samples where it was dominant in most sites along with either Sminthurides (Sminthurides) lepus or Sminthurinus (Sminthurinus) quadrimaculatus. No strong seasonal trends were found among the dominant endogeic species.     

3个菠萝品种在低温胁迫下的生理反应

为了研究菠萝的抗寒机制,利用人工气候室,以20℃处理为对照,研究了巴厘、台农17号、澳大利亚卡因3个菠萝品种在15℃、10℃、5℃低温胁迫下3天后叶片可溶性糖、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、抗坏血酸(ASA)含量的变化,并调查了植株冻害等级。试验结果表明：低温诱导菠萝体内产生更多的可溶性糖;在低温胁迫下过氧化物酶（POD）活性升高,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性降低,抗坏血酸(ASA)含量减少;巴厘、台农17号寒害级别为一级,澳大利亚卡因为二级。应采用综合指标鉴定菠萝的耐寒性。     

糖用甜菜物理特性试验分析

摘 要：对收获期"KWS3148"甜菜进行田间状况和物理参数的测定,确定了甜菜种植模式。利用SPSS统计软件,得到了甜菜主要物理几何参数指标的变化区间和频率分布,明确了甜菜在土壤中的相对位置,建立了收获期甜菜的几何物理模型。通过甜菜的起拔力对比测试,得到了土壤自然状态下甜菜所需起拔力为（365±196）N,两侧松土后甜菜所需起拔力为（259±176）N。甜菜的起拔力峰值分别与块根质量、块根截面椭圆的短轴尺寸在0.01水平（双侧）上显著相关,块根质量、块根最大截面尺寸、块根长度在0.01水平（双侧）上双因素显著相关。甜菜起拔力与甜菜品种和土壤的状况相关,与甜菜根系关系不大。试验结果：块根地上高度为（60±24.4）mm,块根横向最大尺寸为（120±28）mm,根块长度为（202±45.3）mm,块根质量为（1198±530）g,甜菜的楔角为（15.3±2.14）度及甜菜的几何模型,可为甜菜的杀秧、收获等机具的设计、研发提供理论基础。     

棉花纤维发育后期纤维素形成过程的研究

1989年～1990年选用陆地棉(G.hirstum L.)北农1号品种(BAU No.1)和海岛棉(G.barbadense L.)海7124品种(Hai—7124)为材料,对棉花纤维发育后期的纤维素形成过程进行了研究。结果表明:随着纤维的发育还原性糖含量逐渐下降,纤维素含量逐渐上升。其含量变化高峰期出现的顺序为:还原性糖——纤维素。开花后45天左右(40 DPA～50 DPA)是棉纤维发育后期的一个重要的生化代谢转折期。温度与还原性糖含量的变化率、纤维素含量的变化率呈极显著正相关(分别为 r=0.837~(**)和 r=0.972~(**))。低温对纤维素合成的抑制作用是通过抑制还原性糖的提供而限制纤维素沉积量的累积的。