Unpaved road erosion after heavy storms in mountain areas of northern China

More frequent extreme rainfall events associated with global climate change cause greater challenges for soil conservation. Severe erosion occurs on many unpaved roads since these structures create important water flow paths during heavy storms. The present research aimed to investigate the intensity and influencing factors of unpaved road erosion under varied land use and management conditions (sloping cropland, terraced cropland, forest & grass). The erosion occurred in the watersheds contributing runoff water to roads after the greatest rainfall event recorded in the mountain area of northern China caused by Typhon Lekima. The research was conducted in an agricultural-forest-dominated watershed based on field investigation and UAV-based image analysis. A road erosion level classification standard was given according to the occurrence of rills, ephemeral gullies, and gullies. Significant erosion happened on 67% of the unpaved roads; 42% of them suffered moderate to severe erosion in which ephemeral gullies or gullies developed. The average erosion amount from these roads was 2280.75 t ha^-1 and was significantly influenced by the watershed land use type and management. The dominant factor governing unpaved road erosion associated with terraced cropland was vegetation coverage on roads. Drainage area was the most important factor for road erosion in sloping cropland and forest & grass land, and road gradient was also a critical factor. Terraces, and forest & grass in drainage areas significantly reduced unpaved road erosion by 85% and, 47%, respectively, compared to sloping cropland. More integrated measures should be used to prevent unpaved road erosion. The results of this research can be applied to road protection against erosion in heavy storms.     

冰灾对车八岭山地常绿阔叶林区系和群落的影响

研究了2008年年初南方冰雪冻雨灾害对车八岭常绿阔叶林不同区系的冠层植被所造成的影响.结果显示,研究样地内温带分布的乔木受损比例高于热带分布的乔木受损比例.2检验说明不同区系间的冠层乔木个体受损比例差异显著(P0.01);东亚分布及其变型受损个体比例最小,热带亚洲至热带非洲分布及变型、东亚和北美间断分布及其变型、热带亚洲分布及其变型受损个体比例较大.冠层乔木都以重度受损为主,中度受损和轻度受损个体数都远小于前者.CCA多元分析显示,株数密度、平均胸高断面积、坡度、海拔各自对不同物种的受损乔木的分布有显著影响(Monte Carlo test,P=0.010 0).优势种米槠Castanopsis carlesii受损植株的分布与群落的平均胸高断面积显著正相关;亚优势种栲Castanopsis fargesii、鸭公青Neolitsea chuii、尾尖叶柃Eurya acum inata受损植株的分布与坡度显著负相关;亚优势种荷木Schima superb与海拔显著正相关.总之,在相同的生境中能够占据林冠优势层的区系类型往往受灾更严重.     

Effects of sea-level rise and storm-enhanced flooding on Pacific harbour seal habitat: A comparison of haul-out changes at the Russian and Eel river estuaries

1. Patterns and changes in the distribution of coastal marine mammals can serve as indicators of environmental change that fill critical information gaps in coastal and marine environments. Coastal habitats are particularly vulnerable to the effects of near-term sea-level rise.
2. In California, Pacific harbour seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) are a natural indicator species of coastal change because of their reliance on terrestrial habitats, abundance, distribution, and site fidelity. Pacific harbour seals are marine top predators that are easily observed while hauled out at terrestrial sites, which are essential for resting, pupping, and moulting.
3. Although increasing inundation from recent sea-level rise and storm-driven flooding has changed the Californian coastline, little is known about the effect of future sea-level rise and increased storm frequency and strength on harbour seal haulout site availability and quality in California.
4. Harbour seal habitat was modelled at two sandbar-built estuaries under a series of likely sea-level rise and storm scenarios. The model outputs suggest that, over time, habitat at both estuaries decreased with increasing sea level, and storm-enhanced water levels contributed significantly to habitat flooding. These changes reflect pressures on coastal habitats that have an impact on human and natural systems.

     

浑善达克沙地气候因子对沙尘暴频率的影响

利用浑善达克沙地气象台站的常规气候资料,分析气候要素和沙尘暴频率的多年变化状况,建立能够很好描述该地区沙尘暴频率年际变化的沙尘暴指数,并建立适合浑善达克沙地气候特征的气候因子影响沙尘暴频率指数模型。结果表明,浑善达克沙地自1960年后气候逐渐变暖,并有微弱变湿趋势,沙尘暴年日数自1998年起波动增加,2000年出现极大值;沙尘暴年日数与沙尘暴指数的相关系数达0．7左右;建立的气候影响指数模型,能够用来解释当前该地区沙尘暴频率的分布格局。     

泸定水电站大型长廊式调压井施工通风方案优化

泸定水电站大型长廊式调压井规模庞大、结构复杂、施工通风散烟难度大,传统的施工通风设计无法掌控真实通风效果,可能导致通风效果差、资源浪费。采用基于流体力学的三维数值模拟,研究其在不同通风方式下的通风流场形态,定量分析布帘设置、负压风机设置和最佳数量、完全负压风机方案等对改善其施工通风散烟效果的作用,为通风方案的优化设计提供理论依据和技术支持。     

冰滑坡涌浪下冰碛坝溃决机理试验研究

[目的]对冰滑坡涌浪导致的冰碛坝溃决过程与溃决机理进行试验研究,为冰川区重大工程建设和冰湖冰碛坝溃决灾害防治提供科技支撑.[方法]开展不同滑块体积、滑动角度、滑动距离、坝体物质组成和坝体几何形态的水槽模型试验.基于试验现象、试验数据与理论推导,对涌浪过程、坝体物质起动和坝体溃决临界条件进行分析.[结果]①冰滑坡涌浪随时...     

2022年黄土高原典型暴雨侵蚀及洪水灾害调查分析

[目的] 开展黄土高原不同地区典型暴雨事件土壤侵蚀现状调查，分析暴雨条件下流域土壤侵蚀特点及下游洪水淹没灾害程度，以期为该区暴雨侵蚀灾害的预防和治理提供参考。 [方法] 以2022年7月到9月黄土高原不同地区发生的4场典型大暴雨为背景，通过野外实地调查，并基于无人机航摄获取暴雨过后小流域的高清影像，对不同地区暴雨条件下小流域内不同土地利用类型的侵蚀特征和洪水淹没灾害进行了分析。 [结果] 在大暴雨情况下，坡耕地易发生侵蚀，且主要以细沟侵蚀为主，侵蚀模数为22 588～46 244 t/(km²·a)；草地无明显沟蚀现象。重力侵蚀在流域中所占比例较大，易发生在道路和沟道两侧。生产道路增大了流域水文连通性，导致道路侵蚀和损毁严重。有排水设施的道路侵蚀明显小于未设置排水设施的道路。梯田田坎易发生崩塌损毁，损毁长、宽、深分别为10～30 m，0.35～2.3 m和0.1～1.9 m，新修梯田侵蚀损毁显著大于老梯田，当年雨季前修的梯田侵蚀损毁也显著大于上年雨季后修的梯田。流域内各淤地坝拦沙作用明显，但在暴雨情况下仍存在较多的损毁和漫坝现象，且大部分淤地坝淤积已达到库容上限。不合理的占用河道、工程建设、小流域蓄排措施缺乏，部分水保设施管护不到位均会加剧流域侵蚀及洪水灾害。 [结论] 在一般暴雨条件下，小流域内现有的水保措施能较好地抵御暴雨侵蚀，但在大暴雨乃至特大暴雨条件下，流域内侵蚀灾害依然严重，且容易对下游造成严重的淤积和洪涝灾害，优化设计并布局流域内整体的“蓄排协调”设施是当前黄土高原地区水土保持工作高质量发展亟需解决的问题。