微灌技术初探

微灌技术节水效果明显,是我国节水灌溉重点推广技术。阐述微灌技术的概念和分类,介绍微灌技术的国内外应用情况,比较滴灌、微喷灌、涌流灌3种微灌技术的优缺点和适用范围,分析微灌技术的发展空间。     

设计暴雨条件下下凹式绿地的雨水蓄渗效果

下凹式绿地具有蓄渗雨水、削减洪峰流量、过滤水质和防止水土流失等优点，是城市雨洪利用的重要措施之一。对在设计暴雨条件下凹式绿地的蓄渗、减洪效果进行了分析计算，结果表明：在1倍汇水面积的情况下，对于10，50和100年一遇的暴雨，下凹式绿地的降雨拦蓄率分别为87．15％，58．48％和50．75％；其减峰率分别为71．04％，46．82％41．525；蓄渗、减洪效果极为明显。     

中国历史时期尘暴波动的分析

据正史记载，300-1909A．D．期间，中国共发生尘暴436次，尘暴日数达901日。每10年中尘暴的次数t与日数d之乘积斑值，可作为表达不同时段尘暴频发程度的指标，也可视为表达土壤环境干旱化强度的指标。330年的尘暴频发时段有：480-509，1170-1219，1690-1729，1840-1879A．D．，在这些时段内的斑值都大于等于25。尘暴频发时段对应于历史时期的寒冷时段。冷干期有利于尘暴发生。在所研究的1610年内，每年降尘的平均厚度约为0．54cm。黄土的风成过程目前仍在进行。     

波涌灌溉土壤间歇入渗数学模型研究现状

波涌灌溉土壤间歇入渗数学模型是进行波涌灌溉田面水流运动数值模拟和灌水方案优 化设计的基础.本文介绍了国内外波涌灌溉土壤间歇入渗的几类主要数学模型:Richards模 型、权重函数模型、Kostiakov-Lewis模型或Kostiakov模型、周期-循环率模型、梯函数模 型和其它模型的应用现状,并进行了分析和评价.     

Sand-dust storms in and around the Ordos Plateau of China as influenced by land use change and desertification

The occurrence of sand-dust storms induced by wind erosion is a process that accelerates land degradation and can also be considered as an indicator of desertification. Thus, it is of significance both in theory and in practice to reveal the interaction between these two phenomena. Based on data from the Ordos Plateau and its surrounding areas, a study has been made of the effect of land degradation and land use changes on sand-dust storms. In this study, we report a non-linear relationship between sand-dust storm frequency and the index of land degradation (I_d), which is defined as the percentage of the area of total land that is desertified. Using this non-linear relationship, a threshold at I_d = 30% is established such that, when I_d < 30% sand-dust storm frequency does not change with increasing I_d but when I_d > 30%, sand-dust storm frequency increases rapidly. This existence of such a threshold means that sand-dust storm frequency would increase abruptly when the human-induced I_d exceeds 30%. The time series of annual number of sand-dust storm days in the neighbouring area has been compared to the time series in the annual number of strong wind days and the time series in the area of cultivated land in Yikezhao Meng, and a multi-regression equation has been established. Based on the equation, the relative contributions of the variations in land use and in annual number of strong wind days to the variation in annual number of sand-dust storm days have been estimated as 59.7% and 40.3%, respectively, indicating that the frequency of sand-dust storms may be effectively decreased by reducing the area of cultivated land and restoring the natural steppe vegetation in ecologically fragile areas in arid and semi-arid climates.     

暴雨的判定方法和评价指标

 在分析暴雨特征的基础上,提出了以降雨量和降雨强度为参数的暴雨判别指标计算公式K=Pi,根据P=it得出K=P2/t=i2t,该表达式简单明了地反映了不同降雨历时的雨量大小,便于暴雨的分析和计算。同时,以日降雨量标准和时段降雨量或降雨强度标准为基础,定量化的确定了暴雨的判别指标和暴雨等级划分标准。对于暴雨2≤K>K<7,大暴雨7≤K<28,特大暴雨K≥28。在保持与日降雨量标准和时段降雨量或降雨强度标准基本一致的前提下,将二者有机地结合在一起,形成新的统一的暴雨判别和划分标准     

珠海城区暴雨径流污染负荷估算及其评价

基于对广东珠海城区暴雨径流污染的监测,引用SCS模型对城区暴雨径流污染负荷进行估算并分析评价。结果表明,珠海城区暴雨产流年平均1529.2mm,其中以交通主干道和商业区径流量最大。暴雨径流污染物浓度水平较高,T—N,T—P,COD_(Cr)和BOD_5负荷总量分别为765.27,74.06,11 958.94和1104.71t,其中COD_(Cr)负荷为工业点源污染的72.32％,占珠海非点源污染总负荷的24.69％。暴雨径流在雨后短时间内会使受纳水体的水质迅速恶化。因此,珠海城区暴雨径流对水环境的威胁较大。     

立式内浮顶油罐瘪罐现象分析

针对立式内浮顶油罐遭受热带风暴侵袭后瘪罐事故屡有发生的现象,采用ANSYS软件建立有限元模型,对立式油罐进行了几何非线性分析,计算得出风压导致的变形量较小,表明风压对瘪罐事故的影响较小。同时,对呼吸阀的输送能力进行了分析,结果表明,温度骤降时机械呼吸阀换气量不足是导致事故的主要原因。根据分析结果,提出了提高储罐安全性的建议。     

沙尘暴粉尘对不同作物气体交换特征的影响

沙尘暴粉尘附着于作物叶片,对作物的光合作用、蒸腾作用、气孔导度及呼吸作用有明显的负面影响,并最终导致作物产量下降。通过对小麦、玉米和棉花3种民勤传统农作物的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和呼吸速率(R)的测定,主要研究不同滞尘量对不同作物呼吸强度的影响,同时探讨了沙尘暴粉尘对同一作物不同生育期、不同叶位叶片呼吸强度的影响。结果表明,(1)棉花的Pn、Tr、Gs与小麦、玉米的相比,下降幅度较大,即小麦和玉米对粉尘污染生境的适应能力较强,棉花较差;(2)3种作物叶片的呼吸强度都随叶片滞尘量的增加而降低,呈明显负相关关系;(3)在不同生育期,作物呼吸强度差异达极显著(P<0.01);不同叶位叶片的呼吸强度也存在显著性差异。