CaCl2对超高压改性马铃薯淀粉结构的影响

研究了600MPa超高压下,不同浓度的CaCl2介质对马铃薯淀粉结构的影响。应刚偏光显微镜和X-射线衍射对样品进行了分析测试。结果表明,不管浓度大小如何,CaCl2均可以抑制淀粉的糊化,其偏光十字均保持得较好;低浓度的CaCl2对马铃薯淀粉的结晶结构影响不大,高浓度的CaCl2则由于渗透作用而导致淀粉结晶结构部分发生破坏。     

Starch Content and Granule Size Distribution in Grains of Wheat in Relation to Post-Anthesis Water Deficits

Post-anthesis soil moisture condition is closely associated with grain yield and quality in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). To investigate the effect of post-anthesis water deficit (WD) on starch content and granule size distribution, pot-experiments were conducted in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 growing seasons, using five wheat cultivars with different amylose content. The result showed that the grain starch granules had a bimodal curve in the volume and surface area distribution, and a unimodal curve was found in number distribution. Post-anthesis WD reduced the B-granules (<10 μm in diameter) volume % and surface area % in Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901, increased the proportion in Weimai10, whereas the effect on those in Jinan17 and Shannong15 was not significant. Post-anthesis WD decreased the number % of <2 μm starch granules, significantly in all cultivars. The amylose content was negatively correlated with the volume of <10 μm and positively correlated to >15 μm starch granules, respectively, suggesting that small starch granules (<10 μm) are low in amylose content, whereas, big starch granules (>15 μm) are high. The results indicate that the grain starch granule size distributions of Jinan17 and Shannong15 with high amylose content were less affected by WD, than those of Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901 with low amylose content.     

Combined mutations in five wheat STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II genes improve resistant starch but affect grain yield and bread-making quality

Increases in the proportion of amylose in the starch of wheat grains result in higher levels of resistant starch, a fermentable dietary fiber associated with human health benefits. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of combined mutations in five STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II (SBEII) genes on starch composition, grain yield and bread-making quality in two hexaploid wheat varieties. Significantly higher amylose (∼60%) and resistant starch content (10-fold) was detected in the SBEII mutants than in the wild-type controls. Mutant lines showed a significant decrease in total starch (6%), kernel weight (3%) and total grain yield (6%). Effects of the mutations in bread-making quality included increases in grain hardness, starch damage, water absorption and flour protein content; and reductions in flour extraction, farinograph development and stability times, starch viscosity, and loaf volume. Several traits showed significant interactions between genotypes, varieties, and environments, suggesting that some of the negative impacts of the combined SBEII mutations can be ameliorated by adequate selection of genetic background and growing location. The deployment of wheat varieties with increased resistant starch will likely require economic incentives to compensate growers and millers for the significant reductions detected in grain and flour yields.     

锥栗贮藏温度对淀粉降解速率的影响

研究了3个不同锥栗品种在1，5，10℃等不同温度下贮藏120 d，并研究了贮藏过程淀粉含量的变化和淀粉降解速率，将降解速率与贮藏温度、品质变化和贮藏时间相关联，建立了锥栗贮藏方程。根据该方程，淀粉的含量随贮藏时间和贮藏温度的提高而降低，在试验范围内，低温度效果比高温度效果好。锥栗的品质与贮藏时间、贮藏温度和品种有关。     

土霉素对柑橘黄龙病的防治效果及对柑橘产量和品质的影响

为有效防控柑橘黄龙病,于2017年在佛罗里达大学柑橘研究与教育中心的奥本代尔市柑橘试验场进行田间试验筛选黄龙病的防治药剂及其浓度,测定注射土霉素后叶片中柑橘黄龙病菌亚洲种Cadidatus Liberibacter asiaticus、土霉素、淀粉含量、柑橘产量、出汁率、可溶性固形物含量和酸度,显微镜下观察注射土霉素后淀粉粒的分布。结果表明,浓度为1.6g/株土霉素处理180 d后柑橘叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量减少幅度最大,为91.78%;注射浓度为1.6g/株土霉素后7d,叶片中土霉素含量达142.2 μg/kg,注射后11 d叶片中土霉素含量达到最大,为239.8 μg/kg,注射后45 d叶片中土霉素含量低至99.6 μg/kg以下;注射后7~90d,叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量呈波浪形变化,注射90 d后叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量一直处于增长趋势,叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量总体随着土霉素含量的升高而降低;注射浓度为1.6g/株土霉素后,叶片中淀粉含量大幅度下降,60d时达到最低值,为3.3 μg/mm²,90d时达到峰值,为14.5 μg/mm²;单株产量为16.7 kg,与注射浓度为0.8 g/株土霉素处理差异不显著,但均显著高于其它2个处理;柑橘出汁率、可溶性固形物和酸度均与清水对照差异不显著。表明土霉素可有效抑制黄龙病菌亚洲种,减少柑橘叶片内淀粉含量,增加柑橘产量,但对果实品质未产生显著影响。     

烤烟成熟期淀粉代谢关键酶活性与基因表达研究

【目的】探讨烤烟成熟期淀粉积累状况与淀粉代谢关键酶活性及其基因表达的关系,明确烤烟成熟期淀粉代谢的分子调控机制,为优质烟叶生产提供理论依据。【方法】以不同淀粉积累型烤烟品种秦烟96和豫烟6号为材料,测定成熟期烟叶淀粉含量及比例(直链淀粉、支链淀粉)和淀粉代谢关键酶活性,并对其关键酶基因(NtAGPase、NtGBSSⅠ、NtSSS、NtSBE、NtDBE、Ntα-amylase和Ntβ-amylase)进行实时荧光定量PCR分析。【结果】在烤烟发育成熟期,烟叶淀粉、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,烟叶生理成熟期(移栽后85 d)其含量最高;随着烟叶的成熟,烟叶中支链淀粉所占比例逐渐增加。烤烟成熟期AGPase、GBSSⅠ、SSS、SBE和DBE活性呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,而烟叶淀粉酶活性则随着烟叶的成熟先降低后升高,烟叶过熟时其活性显著升高;与烟叶淀粉代谢关键酶活性变化趋势不同,其相关基因表达量变化差异较大。烟叶打顶至适熟阶段,AGPase和GBSSⅠ活性与烟叶直链淀粉含量相关性显著,对烟叶直链淀粉的积累贡献最大,NtGBSSⅠ对直链淀粉代谢起主要调控作用;SSS、SBE和DBE活性对烟叶支链淀粉积累起重要作用,NtSBE和NtDBE对烟叶支链淀粉代谢起主要调控作用。当烟叶由适熟至过熟时,淀粉酶(α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶)主要参与烟叶的淀粉代谢活动。同一生态环境和栽培条件下,秦烟96淀粉积累较多,具有较高的支链淀粉比例。【结论】烤烟碳水化合物积累以淀粉为主,AGPase和GBSSⅠ是影响直链淀粉积累的关键酶,SSS、SBE和DBE对支链淀粉积累有重要作用,SBE和DBE活性的差异可能是造成烟叶直链淀粉与支链淀粉比值不同的重要原因。     

葛根淀粉化学改性的研究

采用三聚磷酸钠对葛根淀粉进行化学改性，结果表明，反应适宜的三聚磷酸钠浓度为１．５％，３ｈ的４０℃，ｐＨ值为６，交联后，葛根淀粉糊的流变学特性有显著改变，热糊精度及稳定性提高，低温稳定性和抗凝沉性增强，凝胶强度下降，粘合力增强。     

盐胁迫对阿月浑子可溶性糖、淀粉、脯氨酸含量的影响

本研究用NaCl和Na2SO4处理两个阿月浑子品种,处理浓度均为50,150,250,500mmol·L-1,盐胁迫5,10,20d后取叶样,并测定可溶性糖、淀粉、脯氨酸含量变化。NaCl,Na2SO4胁迫下,长果和Kerman叶片内可溶性糖含量明显增高,借此来维持细胞内的渗透平衡,其中Kerman植株中可溶性糖含量增加幅度大,而长果增加幅度较小;叶片内淀粉含量略有增高,使其能够维持一定的渗透平衡,其中Kerman植株中淀粉含量增加幅度大,长果的增加幅度相对较小;叶片内脯氨酸(Pro)含量迅速上升,来维持渗透平衡,当阿月浑子植株受到盐胁迫时,叶片中的Pro含量成倍增长。     

不同种皮色木豆蛋白质淀粉含量的研究

对云南省 8个栽培地、10个种皮色的木豆籽实进行蛋白质及淀粉含量分析测定 ,结果表明 :蛋白质、淀粉含量均与栽培地、种皮色和栽培地×种皮色互作呈极显著差异。不同栽培地的蛋白质、淀粉含量分别为 2 0 .73%～ 2 4 .86 %和 4 8.2 3%～ 54 .2 2 % ;不同种皮色的蛋白质、淀粉含量分别为 2 0 .96 %～ 2 3.96 %和50 .0 2 %～ 53.34 % ;除元谋的淀粉含量为第三类以外 ,其余栽培地和种皮色的蛋白质及淀粉含量均为第二类。各栽培地、种皮色间蛋白质、淀粉含量有一定差异 ,但从总体看 ,仍缺乏高蛋白、高淀粉含量类型。     

不同石灰化程度板栗中淀粉代谢及蔗糖含量变化

【目的】研究不同石灰化程度板栗中淀粉代谢及蔗糖含量的变化,探讨板栗石灰化发生与上述指标变化的关系,为进一步揭示板栗石灰化发生机理提供依据。【方法】以新鲜板栗为试材,进行常温贮藏,相对湿度60%—70%。贮藏一定时间后,将板栗石灰化程度分成5个等级0、30%、60%、90%、100%,测定不同石灰化程度板栗中水分含量、淀粉酶活性、淀粉含量和蔗糖含量的变化。【结果】随着板栗石灰化程度的加深,板栗的水分含量和淀粉逐渐减少,表现为明显的负相关关系,相关系数分别为r＝-0.946和r＝-0.950;而α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性均随着板栗石灰化程度的加深呈先升后降的趋势,蔗糖含量则逐渐增加。【结论】板栗石灰化发生与板栗失水诱导淀粉酶活性增强、导致淀粉不断分解致使含量减少、引起淀粉晶体结构及理化性能发生改变密切相关,与蔗糖含量无关。