Effect of water and nitrogen management on aggregate size and carbon enrichment of soil in rice‐wheat cropping system

A study was carried out on a silty clay loam soil (Typic Haplustept) to evaluate the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) vis‐à‐vis fertilizer and irrigation application on the soil organic C content and soil structure. The fertilizer treatments comprised of eight different combinations of N and FYM and three water regimes. The results indicated that the application of FYM and increasing N rate increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Addition of FYM also increased the percentage of large sized water stable aggregates (> 5 mm) and reduced the percentage of smaller size aggregates. This was reflected in an increase in the mean weight diameter (MWD) and improved soil structure. The organic carbon content in macroaggregates (> 1 mm) was greater compared to microaggregates, and it declined with decrease in size of microaggregates. This difference in organic C content between macro‐ and microaggregates was more with higher N dose and FYM treated plots. The effect of residual FYM on MWD and organic C content of the soil after wheat harvest was not significant. The effect was less in deeper layers compared to surface layers of the soil. MWD was significantly correlated with the SOC content for the top two layers.     

有机肥与无机肥配施对菜地土壤N2O排放及其来源的影响

该研究采用同位素自然丰度法,通过室内培养试验研究北京地区菜地有机肥和无机肥配施对土壤释放N2O及同位素位嗜值SP（site preference）的影响,以期获得不同肥料及其配比下土壤N2O的来源及变化规律。结果表明：施用无机肥释放的N2O显著高于有机肥,其累积排放量是有机肥的6.63倍,且无机肥施用比例越高,排放量越大;各肥料组合在施用后7天内均以反硝化作用生成N2O为主,贡献最高达到78.89%,SP为6.97‰,之后硝化作用逐渐增强并成为主要途径,最高占比达76.48%,SP为25.24‰;培养期内施用无机肥可以促进反硝化作用,平均占比52.98%,SP为15.52‰,而有机肥会使硝化作用增强,平均占比71.35%,SP为23.55‰。因此,在北京潮褐土地区菜地土壤施用有机肥对N2O有良好的减排效果,可为蔬菜生产中肥料的合理应用提供科学依据。     

不同耕作模式下水稻产量与器官多要素响应的比较研究

认识和理解水稻产量影响要素是实现水稻高产稳产的关键。选取冬水田、垄作免耕和常规水旱轮作3种处理,采用相关分析、主成分分析与主成分多元线性回归3种方法对水稻产量与成熟期根、茎、叶、籽粒碳同位素组成,根系特征以及养分的响应关系进行比较与综合分析。结果表明不同耕作模式下垄作免耕的水稻产量最高,根、茎、叶、籽粒的碳同位素组成与水稻产量有极显著的负相关关系(P0.01);主成分分析提取的6个主成分累计贡献率超过80%;主成分多元线性回归模型能够解释冬水田、垄作免耕和常规水旱轮作水稻产量67%、73%和97%的变异;与常规水旱轮作相比,冬水田和垄作免耕水稻产量与碳同位素组成及磷的关系更密切。该研究表明,垄作免耕具有较好的推广应用价值。     

明胶骨原料碳、氮稳定同位素的地域性差异研究

为探讨不同地域来源的明胶骨原料中碳、氮稳定同位素的分布特征及其相关性,本试验采用元素分析-稳定同位素比率质谱仪测定了广西、内蒙古和山东3个主产区的牛骨样品及当地牧草饲料样品中的¹³C和¹⁵N同位素组成,并结合线性回归讨论了牛骨样品中δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值的相关性与牛食谱组成的关系。结果表明,广西地区骨样品中δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值的相关性较好(R²=0.401 8),而内蒙古和山东地区骨样品中δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值的相关性较差(R²<0.1),反映了3地牛食物的来源稳定性及主要成分存在明显差异,对各地牛食谱结构推测的结果与实际牧草饲料样品中δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值的地区分布规律也较为一致。本研究初步揭示了明胶骨原料中碳、氮稳定同位素产生地域性差异的原因,不仅为动物生态学研究提供了有益信息,更为动物制品产地溯源研究提供了新思路。     

陕西关中地区肉牛产地同位素溯源技术初探

为应用牛组织中C、N同位素组成的区域分布和同位素指标溯源肉牛产地,本文利用同位素比率质谱仪(IRMS)对陕西关中不同区县来源的牛尾毛样品的1δ3C和1δ5N值进行检测,通过聚类分析,研究陕西关中地区肉牛组织中同位素组成的区域分布情况。结果表明,杨凌区、眉县牛尾毛样品聚为一类;乾县、永寿县样品聚为一类;麟游县样品聚为一类;扶风县、岐山县和凤翔县分类不十分明显,分散在上述3类中。说明陕西关中不同地区肉牛组织中同位素组成存在差异,利用它们可进行肉牛地域的小范围溯源。     

青藏高原东缘某隧道建设区典型植物水分利用策略

[目的] 揭示青藏高原东缘隧道建设区植物的水分利用特征及其对环境变化的响应,为自然和人为影响下的生态脆弱区水土保持工作提供科学参考。[方法] 通过测定海拔3 230 m的某隧道建设区2020—2021年不同月份典型植物木质部水和各潜在水源的δ²H和δ¹⁸O值,利用MixSIAR模型计算植物吸收各潜在水源的比例,并计算每两种植物间的相似性比例指数(PS指数)以比较不同物种的水分竞争关系。[结果] 紫羊茅(Festuca rubra)、川西云杉(Picea likiangensis var. balfouriana)和刺叶高山栎(Quercus spinosa)以浅层土壤水(0—40 cm)作为主要水源;川杨(Populus szechuanica)主要吸收中深层(40—200 cm)土壤水;2021年8月和10月植物对浅层土壤水的利用比例较2020年同时期明显降低;川西云杉对0—40 cm和40—80 cm层土壤水的利用比例与相应层土壤含水量分别存在显著正相关和显著负相关关系(p＜0.05);在时间尺度上,川杨在2020年10月与其他3种植物的水分竞争关系较弱,PS指数范围为0.19～0.54。[结论] 土壤含水量及外界温度的改变是青藏高原东缘植被水分利用策略变化的主要因素,且这两个因子的重要性因物种而异;隧道建设会引起土壤和土壤水的流失,从而导致隧道建设后土壤含水量的降低;隧道建设后植物对浅层土壤水的依赖比隧道建设前低,因此需关注生态脆弱区隧道建设对土壤水分及植被适应机制的影响。     

Variable use of plant- and soil-derived carbon by microorganisms in agricultural soils

In this study we used compound specific ¹³C and ¹⁴C isotopic signatures to determine the degree to which recent plant material and older soil organic matter (SOM) served as carbon substrates for microorganisms in soils. We determined the degree to which plant-derived carbon was used as a substrate by comparison of the ¹³C content of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) from soils of two sites that had undergone a vegetation change from C3 to C4 plants in the past 20-30 years. The importance of much older SOM as a substrate was determined by comparison of the radiocarbon content of PLFA from soils of two sites that had different ¹⁴C concentrations of SOM.The ¹³C shift in PLFA from the two sites that had experienced different vegetation history indicated that 40-90% of the PLFA carbon had been fixed since the vegetation change took place. Thus PLFA were more enriched in ¹³C from the new C4 vegetation than it was observed for bulk SOM indicating recent plant material as preferentially used substrate for soil microorganisms. The largest ¹³C shift of PLFA was observed in the soil that had high ¹⁴C concentrations of bulk SOM. These results reinforce that organic carbon in this soil for the most part cycles rapidly. The degree to which SOM is incorporated into microbial PLFA was determined by the difference in ¹⁴C concentration of PLFA derived from two soils one with high ¹⁴C concentrations of bulk SOM and one with low. These results showed that 0-40% of SOM carbon is used as substrate for soil microorganisms. Furthermore a different substrate usage was identified for different microorganisms. Gram-negative bacteria were found to prefer recent plant material as microbial carbon source while Gram-positive bacteria use substantial amounts of SOM carbon. This was indicated by ¹³C as well as ¹⁴C signatures of their PLFA. Our results find evidence to support ‘priming’ in that PLFA indicative of Gram-negative bacteria associated with roots contain both plant- and SOM-derived C. Most interestingly, we find PLFA indicative of archeobacteria (methanothrophs) that may indicate the use of other carbon sources than plant material and SOM to a substantial amount suggesting that inert or slow carbon pools are not essential to explain carbon dynamics in soil.     

基于铅稳定同位素的多金属复合污染土壤源解析新思路——以西南地区某矿区农田为例

本文以我国西南某矿区典型多金属复合污染农田土壤为例,基于铅(Pb)稳定同位素分析,结合矿物学分析,对土壤Pb来源进行定量解析,并针对其他重金属来源进行外推。同位素源解析结果表明,人为源对于土壤重金属的贡献率高达61%～89%,矿渣浸沥与矿区道路扬尘为主要的污染途径。矿物学分析能够辅助印证Pb稳定同位素分析结果,在一定程度上克服由于污染源信号重叠造成的源解析困难。通过相关分析,可以将Pb同位素源解析的结果合理外推,在一定程度上解释其他重金属元素的来源。本文提出的源解析新思路能够高效、准确地解析多金属复合污染土壤中重金属元素的来源,尤其适用于我国土壤多金属复合污染集中连片存在、成因复杂的现状,具有很强的现实意义。     

Changes in forest soil organic matter pools after a decade of elevated CO2 and O3

The impact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) may be mitigated, in part, by enhanced rates of net primary production and greater C storage in plant biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). However, C sequestration in forest soils may be offset by other environmental changes such as increasing tropospheric ozone (O₃) or vary based on species-specific growth responses to elevated CO₂. To understand how projected increases in atmospheric CO₂ and O₃ alter SOM formation, we used physical fractionation to characterize soil C and N at the Rhinelander Free Air CO₂-O₃ Enrichment (FACE) experiment. Tracer amounts of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ were applied to the forest floor of Populus tremuloides, P. tremuloides-Betula papyrifera and P. tremuloides-Acer saccharum communities exposed to factorial CO₂ and O₃ treatments. The ¹⁵N tracer and strongly depleted ¹³C-CO₂ were traced into SOM fractions over four years. Over time, C and N increased in coarse particulate organic matter (cPOM) and decreased in mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) under elevated CO₂ relative to ambient CO₂. As main effects, neither CO₂ nor O₃ significantly altered ¹⁵N recovery in SOM. Elevated CO₂ significantly increased new C in all SOM fractions, and significantly decreased old C in fine POM (fPOM) and MAOM over the duration of our study. Overall, our observations indicate that elevated CO₂ has altered SOM cycling at this site to favor C and N accumulation in less stable pools, with more rapid turnover. Elevated O₃ had the opposite effect, significantly reducing cPOM N by 15% and significantly increasing the C:N ratio by 7%. Our results demonstrate that CO₂ can enhance SOM turnover, potentially limiting long-term C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems; plant community composition is an important determinant of the magnitude of this response.     

稳定同位素指纹分析在蚕茧产地溯源中的应用研究

蚕茧产地溯源是丝绸原产地溯源的基础.本研究为了探究蚕茧产地溯源最适方法,以不同产地的蚕茧为研究对象,利用不同产区蚕茧的13C、15N、18O和2H同位素组成,通过单因素方差分析、多重比较分析、Fisher线性判别分析留一法交叉验证,最后建立蚕茧产地溯源模型.单因素方差分析结果表明,不同产地蚕茧的δ13C、δ15N、δ1...