外源硅调控葡萄生理特性对低温胁迫的响应

本研究以大田葡萄品种‘梅鹿辄’为试材,采用大田喷施硅酸钾与室内低温处理相结合的方法,测定不同温度下葡萄叶片生理指标的变化,研究外源硅酸钾调控葡萄生理特性对低温胁迫的响应,探讨其提高葡萄抗寒性可能的作用机制。结果表明:低温胁迫下葡萄Inv活性被抑制,而其它指标则升高;喷施硅酸钾可显著降低低温胁迫下葡萄叶片的MDA含量,且当硅酸钾浓度为0.75%时对低温的损伤缓解作用最大;而脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量、Inv、SPS活性及SS净活性均随硅酸钾浓度的升高而显著提高,但是可溶性蛋白含量在硅酸钾浓度为0.50%时最大,其它指标均在浓度为0.75%时最大;通过葡萄叶片各抗寒指标的隶属度值与综合评价指标看出,始花期0.75%的硅酸钾处理后葡萄抗寒性最强。综合分析,喷施硅酸钾可提高低温胁迫下葡萄叶片渗透调节物质含量,加快蔗糖转运及代谢速率,缓解活性氧累积,增强其耐寒性。     

表面活性剂与纳米SiO2作用下聚合铝的絮凝特性

在6NTU高岭土原水中,溶入低浓度溶解性有机物-阴离子表面活性剂(十二烷基硫酸钠,SDS),投加聚合铝PAC与新型水处理剂-纳米SiO2稳定分散液进行动态混凝实验与静止沉降实验.借助图像分析技术与分形理论,对SDS与纳米SiO2作用下PAC的絮凝特性与絮体分形结构的形态学特征进行研究.结果表明:存在SDS时,高岭土颗粒表面ζ电位增加.SDS在颗粒表面的吸附等温曲线符合Langmiur方程;PAC对无机颗粒的去除效果明显,但对SDS的表观去除率较低.SDS阻碍絮凝初絮体的形成.纳米SiO2使颗粒表面ζ电位增加,对无机颗粒处理效果较差,但对去除有机物有利.絮凝机理主要是吸附架桥;助凝剂纳米SiO2能促进PAC对无机颗粒与SDS絮凝,处理效果显著.悬浊液中絮体粒径大,有效质量密度增加,沉速加快,分维值下降.     

叶面喷施硅肥对寒地玉米干物质积累分配及产量品质的调控效应

针对松嫩平原西部半干旱区施肥方式单一、养分管理失衡等限制玉米丰产优质高效的问题,以先玉335为材料,设置5个喷施硅肥处理,分别为0（LCK）、4（LS1）、8（LS2）、12（LS3）和16g/L（LS4）,研究叶面喷施不同浓度硅肥对玉米干物质积累和转运及籽粒产量品质的影响。结果表明,喷施硅肥对植株干物质积累均有促进作用,其中LS3与LCK相比,显著增加花前营养体干物质转运量267.00kg/hm²,且2年的产量均最高（11 485.68和12 331.69kg/hm²）。随硅肥浓度的增加,玉米籽粒粗淀粉、粗蛋白、果糖、氮和钾含量显著增加,较LCK的增幅分别为1.88%~2.56%、5.64%~8.22%、20.00%~41.18%、6.56%~8.56%和11.57%~38.84%。综上所述,叶面喷施8和12g/L硅肥可实现玉米产量和品质的协同提高,可作为松嫩平原西部半干旱区叶面硅肥施用的最佳水平。     

硅对燕麦幼苗秆锈病抗病能力的作用

为探究硅在燕麦抗秆锈病过程中的生理功能,以易感秆锈病的燕麦品种‘坝莜1号’为试验材料,采用盆栽方法,分别浇灌含不同浓度(0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5和3.0mmol/L)K₂SiO₃的营养液,测定燕麦幼苗秆锈病抗性,叶片光合性能,抗氧化酶活性及渗透调节物质的含量等指标。结果表明：接种秆锈菌条件下,施用1.5mmol/L K₂SiO₃可显著提高燕麦幼苗抗秆锈病能力及叶片的光合特性、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节能力。与 0 mmol/L(CK)相比,燕麦幼苗干和鲜重分别提高90.91%和74.71%,叶片叶绿素含量提高18.67%,净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)和胞间 CO₂浓度(C_i)分别提高51.47%、285.71%、285.71%和27.78%,最大荧光(F_m)、光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和光...     

安徽省土壤有效硅含量分布

从安徽省各地采集的251个土壤样品有效硅平均含量为155.7±8.5ppm,其中53.8%土样含量低于100ppm,霍邱、合肥至芜湖一线以南以西地区有效硅含量低,以东以北地区含量高。主要土类土壤有效硅含量,砂姜黑土>潮土>石灰岩土>黄棕壤>水稻土>粗骨土>红壤>紫色土。不同母质土壤有效硅含量,黄土性古河湖相沉积物>近代黄泛>石灰岩>湖积物>下蜀黄土>河流冲击物>紫色岩>第四纪红土>花岗岩>泥质岩类土壤。土壤pH与有效硅含量之间呈正相关,酸性土壤缺硅的可能性较大。     

石灰和硅肥对非污染土壤Cd有效性和花生Cd含量的影响

本文研究了花生盆栽过程中,不同用量石灰及石灰、硅肥配施对非污染土壤有效态Cd和花生籽仁Cd含量的影响。结果表明:(1)在常规施肥条件下,施用石灰及石灰、硅肥配施均能显著提高土壤pH值,同时使得花生叶片细胞膜透性具有降低的趋势;石灰施用量为0.67g·kg-1土时的土壤有效态Cd含量降低了12.6%(显著低于CK),而石灰、硅肥配施组合对降低土壤有效Cd含量的作用不显著,可能与硅肥中Cd含量较高有关。(2)不同石灰施用量均有降低花生籽仁中Cd含量的趋势,其中石灰施用量为0.67g·kg-1土时花生籽仁Cd含量比CK降低26.1%;但石灰、硅肥配施对降低花生籽仁Cd含量的作用不显著。(3)花生籽仁Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量达正相关显著水平,表明土壤Cd有效性是影响花生籽仁Cd含量的主要原因。     

Silicon Ameliorates the Adverse Effects of Salinity on Turfgrass Growth and Development

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of foliar application of potassium silicate on Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers., Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Lolium perenne L. With increased salinity level, chlorophyll content and relative water content (RWC) in these three turfgrasses were reduced significantly when compared with the untreated control. Supplementary silicon (Si) ameliorated the adverse effects of salinity on chlorophyll content. Silicon treatments decreased proline at all salinity levels. Moreover, addition of Si increased shoot length and shoot number in all turfgrasses. Sodium (Na) concentration was increased in both leaves and roots of turfgrasses at high salinity level; however, Si treatment significantly reduced Na concentration in all of them. Silicon increased Potassium concentration in shoots and roots (though not significantly) in most cases. It can be concluded that Si alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress in all turfgrasses.     

Effect of biochar amendment on soil‐silicon availability and rice uptake

Rice growth and its resistance to pests had been often constrained by soil‐silicon (Si) availability. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of biochar soil amendment (BSA) to improve Si availability in paddy soils. A cross‐site field trail with BSA was conducted in six locations with different climatic and crop‐production conditions across S China. Plant‐available Si content before field‐trials establishment and after rice harvest, as well as Si content in rice shoot were determined. Varying with site conditions, plant‐available Si content of soil was observed to increase significantly with BSA in most sites. Significant increase in rice shoot Si was detected in four out of the six sites, which was well correlated to the concurrent increase in soil pH under BSA treatment. This study demonstrates an important role of BSA to improve Si availability and uptake by rice mainly through increasing soil pH of the acid and slightly acid rice soils.     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of [1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)alkyl]-1-silacyclopentanes

A series of 1-aryl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)alkyl-1-silacyclopentanes has been synthesized by four-step reactions starting from 1-chloroalkyltrichlorosilane and tested for fungicidal activities in vitro for ten fungi and in vivo for four fungi occurring in rice, cucumber, tomato etc. Biological activities of the title compounds are strongly dependent upon the p-substituent on the phenyl group in the following order: F>Cl>Ph>OEt>H. Especially, 1-p-fluorophenyl-1-[1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)alkyl]-1-silacyclopentanes (alkyl=methyl or ethyl) showed significant fungicidal activity with a broad spectrum comparable to flusilazole in in-vivo assay. © 1998 SCI.     

一种新型硅肥在两系杂交水稻上的增产效果研究

采用多点田间试验,研究了在江淮、沿江地区增施新型硅肥对两系杂交稻产量的影响。结果表明,增施新型硅肥能够显著提高两系杂交水稻产量、优化产量结构并提高水稻抗性。当硅肥施用量从3 000 g/hm~2增加到12 000 g/hm~2时,产量增幅从2.76%提高到7.84%;水稻移栽后35 d,硅肥施用量为7 500 g/hm~2时,产量较对照显著提高6.2%,茎蘖成穗率达到67.3%,显著高于对照,结实率较对照提高3.2%,达到显著水平;增施新型硅肥后稻瘟病、稻曲病、纹枯病和二化螟等主要病虫害发病率显著下降,第1~4节间长度缩短0.15~0.85 cm,第2、3节茎秆壁增厚,提高了两系杂交稻的抗倒能力。