从社会经济角度分析气刺微割的可行性

气刺微割技术是近十几年来兴起的一种全新采胶技术。从社会经济发展、气刺微割在提高采胶劳动生产率上的优势、气刺微割需增加的费用三个方面,分析气刺微割技术在经济上的可行性。     

Factors affecting irrigation water savings in raised beds in rice and wheat

Raised beds have been proposed for rice–wheat (RW) cropping systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plains as a means of increasing irrigation water productivity, among many other potential benefits. Field experiments were carried out in Punjab, India, during 2002–2006 to compare irrigation water use and productivity of transplanted rice and drill-sown wheat on fresh and permanent beds and conventionally tilled flats.     

高寒草原对气候生产力模型的适用性分析

本研究利用中国科学院巴音布鲁克草原生态研究站1984-1990年、2004-2008年2个时间序列植物营养生长期的气候指标及净第一性生产力(NPP)实测值,结合北京模型、综合植被模型和林慧龙等建立的模型模拟研究区的NPP;根据3个模型NPP的模拟值与实测值对其进行了一元线性回归与相关分析,并基于NPP的模拟值探讨了研究区草地载畜量。结果表明,北京模型(R=0.857**)、综合植被模型(R=0.894**)和林慧龙建立的模型(R=0.894**)的NPP模拟值与实测值相关性及一元线性回归方程拟合较好,同时从线性回归的拟合度也揭示了降水是研究区NPP的主要限制因子,而温度对NPP的影响程度相对较小。在年均气温增加2和4℃,年降水量增加20%时,草地理论载畜量分别由目前的0.94个羊单位/hm2增加到1.49和1.62个羊单位/hm2。     

生物多样性,生态系统功能与时空尺度

生物多样性与生态系统功能的关系已成为重大的科学问题呈现在生态学界。大量的研究表明, 生物多样性对系统生产力、分解性、养分循环以及稳定性等多种功能均有重要影响。本研究在众多研究的基础上, 就生物多样性的基本内容——物种多样性对生态系统功能的2个方面,即生产力和入侵性的关系模式、作用机理、存在的争议, 以及时空尺度对其的影响作一综述。通过生物多样性与生态系统功能关系基本理论的探讨, 阐明生物多样性对生态系统功能的重要影响及潜在机理, 以期为相关研究者提供科学参考, 以促进我国的生物多样性研究。     

A research agenda to explore the role of conservation agriculture in African smallholder farming systems

Controversy surrounds the promotion of conservation agriculture (CA) in smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. The introduction of CA is a profound change in farm management. Benefits in reduced erosion and stabilized crop production may be obtained, but technical performance at field level is but one of the determinants of adoption. For various reasons, all of the CA principles are not always fully implemented by farmers and results not as favourable as expected. As with other approaches to increasing agricultural productivity, the production constraints, farmers’ objectives, and the expected benefits and costs of implementing CA are important aspects that influence adoption. At farm and village levels, trade-offs in the allocation of resources become important in determining how CA may fit into a given farming system. At a regional level, factors such as the market conditions, interactions among stakeholders and other institutional and political dimensions become important. At each level, opportunities or difficulties emerge that enhance or impede development, adaptation and adoption of CA. The ex-ante identification of situations for where CA (and which form of CA) is appropriate demands research from a multi-stakeholder, multi-level, and interdisciplinary perspective. Recommendations are made where research is required to address key knowledge gaps.     

Potential and cost of carbon sequestration in Indian agriculture: Estimates from long-term field experiments

Carbon sequestration in tropical soils has potential for mitigating global warming and increasing agricultural productivity. We analyzed 26 long-term experiments (LTEs) in different agro-climatic zones (ACZs) of India to assess the potential and cost of C sequestration. Data on initial and final soil organic C (SOC) concentration in the recommended N, P and K (NPK); recommended N, P and K plus farmyard manure (NPK + FYM) and unfertilized (control) treatments were used to calculate carbon sequestration potential (CSP) i.e., capacity to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) by increasing SOC stock, under different nutrient management scenarios. In most of the LTEs wheat equivalent yields were higher in the NPK + FYM treatment than the NPK treatment. However, partial factor productivity (PFP) was more with the NPK treatment. Average SOC concentration of the control treatment was 0.54%, which increased to 0.65% in the NPK treatment and 0.82% in the NPK + FYM treatment. Compared to the control treatment the NPK + FYM treatment sequestered 0.33 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ whereas the NPK treatment sequestered 0.16 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The CSP in different nutrient management scenarios ranged from 2.1 to 4.8 Mg C ha⁻¹ during the study period (average 16.9 yr) of the LTEs. In 17 out of 26 LTEs, the NPK + FYM treatment had higher SOC and also higher net return than that of the NPK treatment. In the remaining 9 LTEs SOC sequestration in the NPK + FYM treatment was accomplished with decreased net return suggesting that these are economically not attractive and farmers have to incur into additional cost to achieve C sequestration. The feasibility of SOC sequestration in terms of availability of FYM and other organic sources has been discussed in the paper.     

Farrier services at veterinary teaching hospitals in the USA

Horse health is best served when farriers and veterinarians collaborate in the care of their patients. Veterinary Teaching Hospitals (VTHs) provide an environment that can nurture that collaboration. While VTH veterinary services are well known, VTH farrier activities are undocumented. To characterise farrier services at VTHs in the USA, 27 VTH Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons and/or VTH farriers completed a multiple choice questionnaire characterising VTH farrier details, training, certification, remuneration method, and clinical, teaching and research responsibilities; and farrier service prevalence, facilities and financial viability. Questionnaire response rate was 81%. Eighteen of 22 (82%) responding VTHs had in‐house farrier services. Twenty‐one of 22 (95%) VTH farriers were male. Farriers' ages ranged from <30 years (n = 1, 5%) to >50 years (n = 7, 32%). At 11 (61%) VTHs the farriers were paid by the client and at 7 (39%) by the VTH. Five farriers (23%) received a VTH salary. Eighteen of 22 (82%) farriers had a professional certification. At 5 (28%) VTHs the farrier service made a profit and operational costs were met at 13 (72%). Fifteen (83%) farrier services provided professional education in clinical settings and 13 (72%) in lecture settings. Nine (41%) VTH farriers participated in research activities. In the USA, VTH farrier services vary considerably in both nature and extent. The farriers' potential contributions to VTH operations are often recognised but not consistently exploited. VTH farriers are a valuable resource who can contribute effectively toward VTH patient care, veterinary education and research.     

陆地生态系统净初级生产力的时空动态模拟研究进展

陆地生态系统净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)研究是全球变化的核心内容之一,反映了植被每年通过光合作用所固定的碳总量。近年来将遥感数据引入到NPP的模型设计和估算中已成为了一种新的发展方向,它利用遥感获得的全覆盖数据,使区域及全球尺度的NPP估算成为可能。回顾了NPP研究历史,综合分析了气候相关统计模型、生态系统过程模型和光能利用率模型的优缺点;以CASA、C-FIX和BIOME-BGC这3种遥感参数模型为例,阐述和分析了该类模型的特点以及国内外的研究进展,提出了NPP模型存在的问题和未来的发展方向。     

Long-term organic and inorganic fertilizations enhanced basic soil productivity in a fluvo-aquic soil

The improvement of soil productivity depends on a rational input of water and nutrients, optimal field management, and the increase of basic soil productivity(BSP). In this study, BSP is defined as the productive capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local field management. Based on 19-yr data of the long-term agronomic experiments(1989–2008) on a fluvo-aquic soil in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer(DSSAT ver. 4.0) crop growth model was used to simulate yields by BSP of winter wheat(Triticum aestivium L.) and summer maize(Zea mays L.) to examine the relationship between BSP and soil organic carbon(SOC) under long-term fertilization. Five treatments were included:(1) no fertilization(control),(2) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers(NPK),(3) NPK plus manure(NPKM),(4) 1.5 times of NPKM(1.5NPKM), and(5) NPK plus straw(NPKS). After 19 yr of treatments, the SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value. Among various nutrient factors affecting contribution percentage of BSP to winter wheat and summer maize, SOC was a major affecting factor for BSP in the fluvo-aquic soil. There were significant positive correlations between SOC stock and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize(P0.01), and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize increased 154 and 132 kg ha~(–1) when SOC stock increased 1 t C ha~(–1). Thus, increased SOC accumulation is a crucial way for increasing BSP in fluvo-aquic soil. The manure or straw combined application with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced BSP compared to the application of chemical fertilizers alone.     

Influence of Seed Priming on Performance and Water Productivity of Direct Seeded Rice in Alternating Wetting and Drying

Direct seeded rice is promising alternative to traditional transplanting, but requires appropriate crop and water management to maintain yield performance and achieve high water productivity. Present study evaluated the effect of seed priming and irrigation on crop establishment, tillering, agronomic traits, paddy yield, grain quality and water productivity of direct seeded rice in alternate wetting and drying(DSR-AWD) in comparison with direct seeded rice at field capacity(DSRFC). Seed priming treatments were osmo-priming with KCl(2.2%), Ca Cl2(2.2%) and moringa leaf extracts(MLE, 3.3%) including hydro-priming as control. Among the treatments, seed osmo-primed with MLE emerged earlier and had higher final emergence, followed by osmo-priming with Ca Cl2. Tillering emergence rate and number of tillers per plant were the highest for seed priming with Ca Cl2 in DSRAWD. Total productive and non-productive tillers, panicle length, biological and grain yields, harvest index were highest for seed priming with MLE or Ca Cl2 in DSR-AWD. Similarly, grain quality, estimated in terms of normal grains, abortive and chalky grains, was also the highest in DSR-AWD with MLE osmo-priming. Benefit cost ratio and water productivity was also the highest in DSR-AWD for seed priming with MLE. In conclusion, seed priming with MLE or Ca Cl2 can be successfully employed to improve the direct seeded rice performance when practiced with alternate wetting and drying irrigation.