Considering sink strength to model crop production under elevated atmospheric CO2

Climatic changes and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations will affect crop growth and production in the near future. Rising CO₂ concentration is a novel environmental aspect that should be considered when projections for future agricultural productivity are made. In addition to a reducing effect on stomatal conductance and crop transpiration, elevated CO₂ concentration can stimulate crop production. The magnitude of this stimulatory effect (‘CO₂ fertilization’) is subject of discussion. In this study, different calculation procedures of the generic crop model AquaCrop based on a foregoing theoretical framework and a meta-analysis of field responses, respectively, were evaluated against experimental data of free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) environments. A flexible response of the water productivity parameter of the model to CO₂ concentration was introduced as the best option to consider crop sink strength and responsiveness to CO₂. By varying the response factor, differences in crop sink capacity and trends in breeding and management, which alter crop responsiveness, can be addressed. Projections of maize (Zea mays L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production reflecting the differences in responsiveness were simulated for future time horizons when elevated CO₂ concentrations and climatic changes are expected. Variation in future yield potential associated with sink strength could be as high as 27% of the total production. Thus, taking into account crop sink strength and variation in responsiveness is equally relevant to considering climatic changes and elevated CO₂ concentration when assessing future crop production. Indicative values representing the crop responsiveness to elevated CO₂ concentration were proposed for all crops currently available in the database of AquaCrop as a first step in reducing part of the uncertainty involved in modeling future agricultural production.     

基于生态系统服务价值和生态安全格局的土地利用格局模拟

河北省沿海经济的快速发展导致滨海土地利用格局快速转变,威胁土地生态安全。针对性核算区域生态系统服务价值,探寻生态安全格局进而优化土地利用格局可为土地利用规划与整治提供决策支持,是保障区域生态安全的必然选择。该文以河北省黄骅市为研究区,利用遥感、气象数据和外业调查数据,采用植被净第一生产力核算生态系统服务价值,借助该价值构建生态安全格局,以生态安全格局为影响因素利用元胞自动机和马尔科夫模型进行不同情境土地利用格局模拟。结果表明:2011年单位面积生态系统服务价值湿地最大,为14.95元/(m2·a),建设用地最小,为2.44元/(m2·a);养分循环功能贡献率最大,为26.89%,净化环境功能贡献率最小,为0.22%;研究区分为生态核心保护区、生态缓冲区、生态恢复区和人类活动核心区,生态核心保护区面积最小,为168.58 km2,生态缓冲区面积最大,为1 400.33 km2;无生态保护情景与生态安全格局保护情景相比较,生态系统服务价值由94.11亿元上升到95.70亿元,生态核心保护区在生态安全格局保护情景下得到完全保护,新增建设用地为0。该研究方法和结果可为区域土地利用总体规划、城市规划和生态环境保护提供技术支撑和决策参考。     

中国粮食全要素生产率及影响因素的区域分异研究

采用2001-2010年选取的我国30个省份有关粮食生产的面板数据,运用基于DEA-Malmquist生产率指数方法,对我国粮食主产区、主销区和平衡区的粮食全要素生产率增长指数进行了测算和分解,并分析了动态全要素生产率指数的时空差异及变化源泉,在此基础上,探索了全要素生产率指数及其分解值—技术效率指数、技术进步指数的外生影响因素。研究结果表明:主产区全要素生产率指数10年内平均增长0.28%,得益于技术效率的提高和技术进步,主销区呈现出粮食生产技术进步与技术效率损失并存,"双轨损失"导致全要素生产率指数平均下降0.35%,平衡区受技术进步的恶化影响导致全要素生产率指数平均下降0.69%;中央惠农政策的实施对提高主产区的粮食全要素生产率水平有显著作用,而对主销区和平衡区的影响具有一定滞后性;人均粮食生产规模和种粮机械化水平对粮食主产区的全要素生产率均有负向影响,而对粮食主销区的全要素生产率都为正向影响。对于粮食产销平衡区,人均粮食规模的扩大能够改善技术效率,但对全要素生产率和技术进步有反向抑制作用。最后,提出了有效提高粮食生产率的对策建议。     

陕北农牧交错带牧草生产力分析

根据陕北农牧交错带的生态环境特点以及牧草生长发育过程对水热资源的要求和利用效率,运用迈阿密模型定量估算陕北农牧交错带七县区牧草自然生产力。并与牧草现实生产力进行比较。研究表明:陕北农牧交错带牧草现实生产力仅为自然生产力的30.80%。基本掌握了该区牧草生产力状况和特点,并据此提出了相应的开发战略和实施途径。     

根际通气量对盆栽番茄生长、蒸腾量及果实产量的影响

为确定作物生长的最优根际通气量,采用空气压缩机控制供气,设置了0.4（T1）、0.8（T2）和1.2（T3）3个通气系数,研究根际通气量对盆栽番茄生长、蒸腾量及相关生理指标的影响。结果表明：通气处理可显著提高番茄植株的茎粗、叶面积指数、叶片叶绿素含量及干物质积累,且均在T2处理下达最高值;在试验不同时期,盆栽番茄的累积蒸腾量受通气量影响的表现不同,盆栽番茄的累积蒸腾量最终表现为：T2>T3>T1>CK;通气处理对盆栽番茄的产量和作物水分生产率均有显著影响。在T2处理下的产量、干物质积累量最高,该处理最有利于盆栽番茄生长。     

秸秆还田与化肥配施对汉中盆地稻麦轮作农田土壤固碳及经济效益的影响

为汉中盆地秸秆还田技术和合理化肥减量技术提供科学依据,2015—2017年小麦和水稻生长季,设置秸秆不还田+常规施肥(SN+NPK);秸秆常规还田+常规施肥(S+NPK);秸秆促腐还田+常规施肥(SD+NPK);秸秆促腐还田+化肥减量15%(SD+85%NPK);秸秆促腐还田+化肥减量30%(SD+70%NPK),共5个处理,研究其对土壤总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(LOC)、碳储量(SCS)、作物产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明与秸秆不还田配施常规施肥处理(SN+NPK)相比,秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥处理显著提高了稻田0～15cm土层的TOC和LOC,增幅分别为3.62%～25.07%和23.01%～46.79%; S+NPK和SD+NPK处理提高了0～30 cm碳储量,增幅分别为4.67%和18.20%。而SD+85%NPK和SD+70%NPK分别降低8.31%和9.83%。S+NPK和SD+NPK处理显著增加了小麦和水稻籽粒产量,而SD+85%NPK和SD+70%NPK处理均降低了小麦和水稻产量,周年产量2年平均增幅分别为3.47%、8.70%、-3.65%、-8.12%。与SN...     

新型复合肥在黑龙江省水稻生产中的应用效果

为了更好地评价新型肥料在黑龙江省水稻生产中的施用效果,利用大田区域联合试验的方法,通过将新型复合肥与常规肥料进行对比,研究新型复合肥的施用对不同积温带水稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:施用复合肥处理较常规对照在佳木斯增产4.08%,在哈尔滨减产7.49%,且差异显著,在二九一农场减产5.18%。由于有效穗数和每穗粒数下降引起减产,每穗粒数和千粒重增加导致增产。在成熟期,施用新型复合肥使佳木斯的干物质增加5.15%,而哈尔滨和二九一农场的干物质分别下降4.95%和3.89%。与常规对照相比,复合肥处理使佳木斯的氮肥偏生产力增加4.08%,而哈尔滨和二九一农场的氮肥偏生产力分别降低7.49%和5.18%。表明,该新型复合肥在黑龙江省不同水稻种植区域的应用效果存在一定差异。     

Effects of water stress at different development stages on yield and water productivity of winter and summer safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

A field study was carried out to determine the effects of water stress imposed at different development stages on grain yield, seasonal evapotranspiration, crop-water relationships, yield response to water and water use efficiency of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) for winter and summer sowing. The field trials were conducted on a loam Entisol soil in Thrace Region in Turkey, using Dincer, the most popular safflower variety in the research area. A randomised complete block design with three replications was used. Three known growth stages of the plant were considered and a total of 8 (including rainfed) irrigation treatments were applied. The effect of irrigation or water stress at any stage of development on grain yield per hectare and 1000 kernel weight, was evaluated. Results of this study showed that safflower was significantly affected by water shortage in the soil profile due to omitted irrigation during the sensitive vegetative stage. The highest yield was observed in the fully irrigated control and was higher for winter sowing than for summer sowing. Evapotranspiration calculated for non-stressed production was 728 and 673 mm for winter and summer sowing, respectively. Safflower grain yield of the fully irrigated treatments was 4.05 and 3.74 t ha⁻¹ for winter and summer season, respectively. The seasonal yield response factor was 0.97 and 0.81 for winter and summer sowing, respectively. The highest total water use efficiency was obtained in the treatment irrigated only at vegetative stage while the lowest value was observed when the crop was irrigated only at yield stage. As conclusions: (i) winter sowing is suggested; (ii) if deficit irrigation is to apply at only one or two stages, Y stage or Y and F stages should be omitted, respectively.     

盘刀式铡草机抛送性能试验研究

针对盘刀式铡草机存在的生产率低、功耗大、易堵塞等问题,以玉米秸秆为试验材料,选取不同的主轴转速、叶片倾角和秸秆含水率作为试验因素进行抛送性能试验研究。试验结果表明:各因素对抛送过程生产率影响的主次顺序为主轴转速>叶片倾角>秸秆含水率;对抛送过程功耗影响的主次顺序为主轴转速>秸秆含水率>叶片倾角。当叶片倾角为7°、主轴转速为650r/min、秸秆含水率为22.1%时,抛送过程生产率最高;当叶片倾角为11°、铡草机主轴转速为510r/min、秸秆含水率为27.3%时,抛送过程功率消耗最低;同时,得到了可用于预测铡草机抛送过程生产率和功率消耗的线性回归模型。     

氮密互作对夏玉米物质生产及氮素利用的影响

以夏玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,对不同种植密度和不同施氮水平下夏玉米的物质生产和氮素利用状况进行了研究。结果表明,在中(67 500株/hm2)、高(82 500株/hm2)密度下,氮肥对玉米单株物质生产能力的调控作用更为明显,并主要是通过影响穗粒数来实现的。适量施氮,可促进顶部子粒发育,减少败育,使秃尖缩短、瘪粒数减少,增加穗粒数,增加产量;促进植物体吸收的氮素高效地向籽粒中分配,提高氮肥的利用效率;使玉米叶片维持较高的光合性能,为籽粒形成提供充足的光合碳量,并促进营养体碳氮向子粒运转。