三种化合物处理对南方根结线虫生长发育及致病能力的影响

为明确不同浓度NH4HCO3、Cu SO4·5H2O和Fe Cl3·6H2O对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita 2龄幼虫活性的影响,在盆栽条件下将化合物处理后的2龄幼虫接种番茄,通过根染色和根系冰冻切片法观察2龄幼虫的发育状况和根系内巨细胞的形成,并测定了番茄根系各生理指标的变化。结果表明,50mmol/L NH4HCO3、1.4mmol/L Cu SO4·5H2O和1.4 mmol/L Fe Cl3·6H2O处理南方根结线虫后,番茄根系内2龄、3龄及4龄幼虫数量均显著小于对照;根系内丙二醛、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸的含量均显著低于对照,根系活力显著增强;经NH4HCO3处理后,根系内巨细胞形成缓慢,14 d时出现巨型细胞空洞现象。3种化合物处理对南方根结线虫生长发育的抑制作用显著,处理后的线虫对番茄植株致病力减弱,表现为NH4HCO3抑制作用最强,Cu SO4·5H2O次之,Fe Cl3·6H2O最弱。     

膜下滴灌对水稻根系形态及生理性状的影响

为探明水稻在膜下滴灌灌溉方式下根系生长发生的变化,设置小区试验与传统淹灌进行对比,以粳稻品种“T-04”和“T-43”为材料,研究了膜下滴灌灌溉方式对水稻根系形态、根系氧化力和硝酸还原酶的影响.结果表明:土表下20 cm深度,膜下滴灌水稻的根系长度、表面积、体积和平均直径都高于传统淹灌,并且差异具有统计学意义.土表下40 cm,膜下滴灌对水稻根系形态影响不具有统计学意义;水稻根系氧化力都是呈先增大,后减小的趋势,水稻根系氧化力最大期因品种而异.分蘖期膜下滴灌对水稻根系氧化力的影响因品种而异,但在拔节孕穗期、齐穗期和乳熟期,膜下滴灌水稻根系氧化力高于传统淹灌,并且差异具有统计学意义,膜下滴灌水稻后期根系具有较强的抗衰老能力;膜下滴灌水稻根系硝酸还原酶活性高于传统淹灌,但在分蘖期和乳熟期的差异不具有统计学意义,在拔节孕穗期和齐穗期差异具有统计学意义.     

氮素供应对欧洲云杉根系生长发育效应分析

研究氮素供应对欧洲云杉[Picea abies (L) Karst]无性系根系生长发育的施肥效应,进而为该树种苗木根系发育的施肥调控提供依据。以欧洲云杉优良无性系pab081140 3年生苗木为试材,对不同氮素供应剂量下盆栽植株的根系生长发育指标进行测定分析。结果表明：与对照相比,测试剂量N-6（含氮量为46%的尿素6 g/株）、N-9（含氮量为46%的尿素9 g/株）、N-12（含氮量为46%的尿素12 g/株）均促进了根长、根表面积、根平均直径与根体积的生长,同时提高了根系生物量、植株总生物量和根系含氮量及植株总含氮量的水平,根系生物量占植株总量的比值和根冠生物量比值随之提高,但不同剂量的施肥效应存在差异;其中,N-9剂量处理下的欧洲云杉根系形态指标均是对照的1.3倍以上（1.38~1.89倍）,而根系生物量、植物总生物量、根冠生物量的比值也显著高于对照(P<0.05);此外,根含氮量与植株总含氮量分别比对照提高了73.2%和80.9%。由此可知,N-9剂量对欧洲云杉pab081140无性系根系生长发育的促进效果最为明显。     

Growth traits and nitrogen assimilation-associated physiological parameters of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) under low and high N conditions

In this study, 14 wheat cultivars with contrasting yield and N use efficiency(NUE) were used to investigate the agronomic and NUE-related traits, and the N assimilation-associated enzyme activities under low and high N conditions. Under deficient-N, the cultivars with high N uptake efficiency(UpE) and high N utilization efficiency(UtE) exhibited higher plant biomass, yields, and N contents than those with medium and low NUEs. The high Up E cultivars accumulated more N than other NUE type cultivars. Under sufficient-N, the tested cultivars showed similar patterns in biomass, yield, and N content to those under deficient-N, but the varietal variations in above traits were smaller. In addition, the high Up E cultivars displayed much more of root biomass and larger of root length, surface area, and volume than other NUE type cultivars, indicating that the root morphological traits under N deprivation are closely associated with the plant biomass through its improvement of the N acquisition. The high Ut E cultivars showed higher activities of nitrate reductase(NR), nitrite reductase(NIR), and glutamine synthetase(GS) at stages of seediling, heading and filling than other NUE type cultivars under both low and high N conditions. Moreover, the high Up E and Ut E cultivars also displayed higher photosynthetic rate under deficient-N than the medium and low NUE cultivars. Together, our results indicated that the tested wheat cultivars possess dramatically genetic variations in biomass, yield, and NUE. The root morphological traits and the N assimilation enzymatic acitivities play critical roles in regulating N accumulation and internal N translocation under the N-starvation stress, respectively. They can be used as morphological and biochemical references for evaluation of Up E and Ut E in wheat.     

撒施石灰石粉对橡胶树细根空间分布及季节动态的影响

土壤酸化对橡胶树细根生长具有严重影响。为了解橡胶树细根生长对土壤酸度改变的响应,本研究在热研7-33-97未开割(7 a)、开割5 a、开割10 a共3个胶园选取样树,采用撒施石灰石粉的方式进行土壤酸度改良,并用土钻法观测橡胶树根系对土壤酸度改变的响应。结果显示:同一割龄胶园中土壤酸化改良植株(改良组)与对照植株(对照组)相比,其细根生物总量显著增加,且均符合开割5 a胶园的最高,开割10 a胶园的最低这一规律。酸性土壤改良后橡胶树细根在垂直与水平方向生物量均有所增加,分布规律无明显改变。不同割龄胶园改良组与对照组中橡胶树细根年内变化趋势均为单峰型,峰值出现在当年7~9月,年变化规律无明显改变。本研究结果表明,胶园酸性土壤经施用石灰石粉后橡胶树的细根生长量提高,有利于橡胶树从土壤中吸收更多的水分和养分,从而改善橡胶树的生长和提高其产量。     

土传病害生物防治研究进展

土传病害已成为严重制约我国农牧业发展的主要原因,近年来人们对于食物安全的重视和环保意识的增强,对农业的可持续发展提出了更高的要求。生物防治因其低成本、高效率、环境友好和无药物残留等特点已成为当前国内外植物病害防治的研究热点。本文从农艺措施改良和优化,利用细菌、真菌、放线菌等生防微生物进行生物防治,诱导寄主产生系统抗病性和其他生物防治方法等几个方面对国内外植物土传病害生物防治的研究现状进行了综述,提出了生物防治目前存在的问题,并对生物防治的研究进行了展望。     

文山三七根腐病病原真菌的鉴定与药剂防治

从云南文山三七药材基地感染根腐病的三七组织获得分离物,并对其进行培养和纯化,并运用科赫法则（Koch’s Postulate）进行病原菌回接感染,得3株致病明显的菌株,后对此菌株进行生物学和18S-rDNA全序列分析鉴定及室内药效防治。结果表明,此3株菌分别是尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）,茄病镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）和链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata）。甲基硫菌灵、根康、多菌灵对茄孢镰孢菌、尖镰孢菌的抑菌效果最好,腐霉利、甲基硫菌灵对链格孢菌的抑菌效果最好。该研究可为尖孢镰刀菌、茄病镰刀菌和链格孢菌引起的三七根腐病的防治提供参考。     

纳米型植物抗逆剂对侧柏蘸浆造林效果分析

为了评价纳米型植物抗逆剂（NPA）侧柏蘸浆造林的抗旱与控制鼠（兔）害作用,以多效抗旱驱鼠剂（RPA）为参照,采用NPA和RPA比较了不同地区侧柏蘸浆造林的整体效果。结果表明,干旱和鼠（兔）害是林木致死的关键因素。其中,定植当年干旱、鼢鼠和草兔致死率占总致死比例分别为55.6%～71.1%、10.1%～17.6%和15.0%～24.2%;定植3 a分别占47.6%～73.5%、9.7%～17.5%和15.0%～33.6%。草兔和鼢鼠成为麟游点侧柏致死的首要因素。定植当年NPA蘸浆造林对干旱致死预防效果为65.2%～73.0%,比RPA增加了41.7%～53.9%;定植3 a的为75.6%～83.5%,比RPA高12.5%～20.6%;两者差异极显著。定植当年NPA、RPA对鼢鼠预防效果为92.5%～100.0%和84.7%～100.0%,差异不显著;定植3 a对鼢鼠预防效果为88.8%～97.0%和75.9%～86.3%,米脂和宝塔点差异显著。定植当年NPA对草兔预防效果为91.8%～100.0%,比RPA提高0.0%～7.6%;定植3 a NPA草兔预防效果为88.9%～97.3%,比RPA高9.0%～11.3%。其他致死因素对米脂和宝塔点鼢鼠和草兔致死预防效果影响较大,其均值变异率远超5%的统计允许要求,数据分析时必须剔除其干扰。     

根层调控措施对甜玉米-黄瓜设施蔬菜轮作体系土壤硝态氮的影响

【目的】以甜玉米作为填闲作物,探讨不同的根层调控措施对消减土壤剖面累积硝态氮及下茬黄瓜生长的影响。【方法】在华北平原传统棚室蔬菜的休闲季种植甜玉米,针对甜玉米设置添加土壤调理剂和秸秆还田2种根层调控措施,以甜玉米传统种植作为对照,进行田间小区试验。试验于2008年5月至2011年5月进行,共3次甜玉米-黄瓜轮作,6季作物。每年6月初至9月底种植甜玉米,10月初至次年1月底扣棚育黄瓜苗,当年2月初种植黄瓜。在甜玉米季,共3个处理,随机排列,重复3次。小区面积为4 m×2 m,小区间隔0.3 m,区组之间布设1 m的保护行。【结果】甜玉米种植季,调理剂处理的玉米籽粒产量最高,2008、2009和2010年的产量分别为6.2、7.4和7.9 t·hm^-2;土壤调理剂和秸秆还田2种根层调控处理的甜玉米总吸氮量高于传统种植。秸秆还田和调理剂处理能够促进20-60 cm土层根系的生长发育,促使根系吸收更深层的土壤养分。2种根层调控措施均能降低土壤剖面NO₃^--N的累积,尤其对100-200 cm的作物根区NO₃^--N的消减能力更强,NO₃^--N消减趋势大致为：调理剂>秸秆还田>传统种植。3季黄瓜种植季,不同前茬处理的黄瓜产量、生物量和吸氮量差异均不显著;3季平均土壤NO₃^--N在0-200 cm土层的残留量为秸秆还田<调理剂<传统种植。3个轮作季后,传统种植、调理剂和秸秆还田处理在0-200 cm土层的氮素盈余量分别为1 911.6、1 966.3和1 930.2 kg·hm^-2,调理剂处理显著高于传统种植。【结论】在硝态氮高累积的设施土壤上,随着种植年限的增加,加入土壤调理剂和适当的秸秆还田对100-200 cm的作物根区土壤剖面NO₃^--N的消减能力更强。填闲作物种植第二年对下茬黄瓜土壤NO₃^--N的消减作用最为明显。土壤调理剂和秸秆还田措施能够显著提高甜玉米对土壤剖面NO₃^--N的消减能力,减缓土壤NO₃^--N 的淋失,提高经济效益。     

The endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica protects wheat from fusarium crown rot disease in simulated UK autumn conditions

The root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica (Sebacinacea) forms mutualistic symbioses with a broad range of host plants, increasing their biomass production and resistance to fungal pathogens. This study evaluated the effect of P. indica on fusarium crown rot disease of wheat, under in vitro and glasshouse conditions. Interaction of P. indica and Fusarium isolates under axenic culture conditions indicated no direct antagonistic activity of P. indica against Fusarium isolates. Seedlings of wheat were inoculated with P. indica and pathogenic Fusarium culmorum or F. graminearum and grown in sterilized soil‐free medium or in a non‐sterilized mix of soil and sand. Fusarium alone reduced emergence and led to visible browning and reduced root growth. Roots of seedlings in pots inoculated with both Fusarium isolates and P. indica were free of visible symptoms; seed emergence and root biomass were equivalent to the uninoculated. DNA was quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The ratio of FusariumDNA to wheat DNA rose rapidly in the plants inoculated with Fusarium alone; isolates and species were not significantly different. Piriformospora indica inoculation reduced the ratio of Fusarium to host DNA in the root systems. The reduction increased with time. The ratio of P. indica to wheat DNA initially rose but then declined in root systems without Fusarium. With Fusarium, the ratio rose throughout the experiment. The absolute amount of FusariumDNA in root systems increased in the absence of P. indica but was static in plants co‐inoculated with P. indica.