饲料磷含量对黄颡鱼生长和磷代谢的影响

【目的】探讨饲料磷含量对黄颡鱼生长和磷代谢的影响。【方法】以磷酸二氢钙为磷源,制备磷含量分别为0.28%,0.46%,0.67%,0.89%,1.13%,1.38%和1.57%的7种精制试验饲料,用其饲养黄颡鱼(体质量(8.75±0.72)g/尾)8周,试验结束后取样,测定生长、饲料利用、钙磷代谢、肌肉营养成分和脊椎骨钙磷沉积等指标。【结果】饲料磷含量为0.67%组的平均增重率和特定生长率与0.46%组差异不显著,但显著高于其他各组(P0.05);当饲料磷含量为0.67%和0.89%时,饲料效率和蛋白效率显著高于其他各组(P0.05);当饲料磷含量为0.67%时,饲料蛋白质生产率显著高于除0.89%组以外的其他各组(P0.05)。血清降钙素随着饲料磷含量的升高先升高后降低(P0.05),在1.13%组时达到最高,显著高于除0.89%和1.38%组外的其他各组(P0.05);血清甲状旁腺素含量随饲料磷含量的升高呈先下降后上升的趋势,在1.13%组时降到最低。肌肉粗脂肪含量随饲料磷含量的升高而显著降低,而肌肉粗灰分含量则随饲料磷含量的升高而显著升高,在磷含量为1.13%时,肌肉粗脂肪含量显著低于0.28%,0.46%和0.67%各组(P0.05)。在磷含量为0.89%时,肌肉粗灰分含量与除0.28%组外的其他各组差异不显著。脊椎骨磷含量随饲料磷含量的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,当饲料磷含量为1.13%时,脊椎骨磷含量最大,与除0.28%,0.46%和0.89%各组外的其他各组差异不显著。脊椎骨钙含量随饲料磷含量的升高亦呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在饲料磷含量为0.89%时达到最大值,显著高于0.28%组(P0.05)。脊椎骨钙磷比在0.89%组达到最高,显著高于1.38%和1.57%组(P0.05)。【结论】在本试验条件下,黄颡鱼最适生长、饲料利用和磷代谢的适宜饲料有效磷含量为0.46%~1.13%。     

Characterization and Selection of Phosphorus Deficiency Tolerant Rice Genotypes in Sri Lanka

Phosphorus（P） deficiency in soil is a major constrain for rice production. An important set of rice genotypes（landraces, old improved and new improved varieties） were screened for P deficiency tolerance in two major cropping seasons of Sri Lanka, in 2012. The Ultisol soil, which was collected from a plot cultivated with rice without fertilizer application for past 40 years（P₀） at the Rice Research and Development Institute（RRDI）, Bathalagoda, Sri Lanka, was used as the potting medium for greenhouse trials. Two field trials were conducted in the same plots at RRDI. Both P₀ and P₃₀（30 mg/kg P₂O₅） conditions were used in the two greenhouse trials. At the early vegetative（three weeks after transplanting）, late vegetative（six weeks after transplanting） and flowering stages, plant height and number of tillers per plant were recorded. At the flowering stage, shoots were harvested and shoot dry weight, shoot P concentration, shoot P uptake and P utilization efficiency were measured. All data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance, regression and cluster procedures. The measured parameters were significantly different between P₀ and P₃₀ conditions（P < 0.05）. Higher shoot dry weight was reported by the rice genotypes H4 and Marss under P₀ conditions. The regression analysis between shoot dry weight and P utilization efficiency revealed that the studied rice genotypes could be categorized to three P deficiency tolerance classes. A total of 13 genotypes could be considered as highly tolerant and 4 genotypes as sensitive for P deficiency. These results could be used to select parental genotypes for breeding and genetic studies and also to select interesting varieties or landraces for organic rice production.     

玉米秸秆生物炭对稻油轮作农田磷流失风险的影响

以云南大理洱海流域典型稻油轮作模式为研究对象,通过2年田间定位试验,研究生物炭(玉米秸秆制备)、玉米秸秆与化肥配施对我国稻油轮作模式农田磷流失风险的影响。田间小区试验包括常规施用化肥(NPK)、生物炭与化肥配施(NPK+C)、生物炭与化肥减半配施(1/2NPK+C)、玉米秸秆与化肥配施(NPK+S)四个处理,通过比较不同处理间土壤有效磷含量、作物产量、吸磷量和水稻生长期间土壤有效磷、田面水总磷、可溶性总磷的动态变化特征,分析施用玉米秸秆生物炭和直接施用玉米秸秆对土壤、作物和磷流失风险的影响。结果表明,与NPK处理相比,增施生物炭和玉米秸秆,可显著提高水稻和油菜产量,但对水稻季田面水磷浓度无显著影响;施用生物炭条件下减施化肥,短期内未造成水稻和油菜减产,却降低了水稻整个生育期内田面水总磷(TP)和可溶性总磷(TDP)浓度;各处理水稻季田面水TP和TDP浓度在栽秧后第1 d内达到峰值,4~5 d内浓度迅速降低,7 d之后浓度趋于稳定。在此过程中,田面水TP下降64.2%~79.1%,TDP下降63.1%~82.4%。上述研究结果表明,为降低稻油轮作农田磷流失风险,可以考虑在水稻季施用生物炭的条件下减施化肥磷,并且在水稻栽秧后7 d内控制田面水外流。     

不同品种苋菜对砷的吸收能力及植株磷砷关系研究

利用水培试验方法,研究了不同品种苋菜对As(Ⅴ)的耐性、富集能力及其植株中P、As含量间的关系。结果表明,当营养液中As(Ⅴ)浓度为2 mg·L~(-1)时,As(Ⅴ)促进了花红柳叶、红柳叶苋菜的生长,但对其他品种苋菜的生长有抑制作用;当营养液中As(Ⅴ)浓度达到4 mg·L~(-1)时,As(Ⅴ)对所有品种苋菜的生长都有明显的抑制作用。两种As(Ⅴ)浓度处理下,苋菜不同品种地上部砷含量均为白圆叶苋菜≈红柳叶苋菜花红柳叶苋菜花红苋菜严选红圆叶苋菜。当营养液中As(Ⅴ)浓度为2 mg·L~(-1)时,苋菜地上部P含量与As含量有显著相关性(r=0.881),当营养液中As(Ⅴ)浓度为4 mg·L~(-1)时地上部P、As含量间的相关性不显著,但相关系数达到0.816。苋菜种子中P含量与两种As(Ⅴ)浓度处理下地上部As含量呈显著或极显著相关性(r=0.937,0.971)。     

臭氧氧化-苦草深度处理猪场废水对无机营养盐的去除效果初探

进行了经氧化塘和人工湿地处理的猪场废水的臭氧氧化-苦草深度处理研究,考察了不同浓度臭氧氧化处理无机营养盐(N、P)含量的变化,和臭氧氧化-苦草处理对去除无机营养盐的作用。结果表明,三个臭氧投加浓度(10、30、50 mg·L~(-1))分别使NO-2含量降低7.7%、17.6%和21.4%,使NO-3增加5.7、4.2和2.4倍,使PO3-4增加40.1%、26.0%和0.7%;臭氧氧化-苦草处理使TN、NH+4、NO-2、TP含量分别降低11.4%~15.7%、29.9%~34.2%、22.6%~40.7%和36.0%~38.0%,使NO-3含量增加0.4~1.0倍。结果表明,臭氧氧化可以使N、P的形态发生变化,且低浓度的臭氧投加就能达到显著效果,苦草显著促进臭氧氧化后猪场处理尾水中无机营养盐的去除。     

化肥配施生物炭对稻田田面水氮磷流失风险影响

在控制外源氮输入相同的前提下,通过大田试验研究生物炭部分替代化肥作为底肥,不同生物炭施用量(5、10、20 t·hm~(-2))对水稻生长期内稻田田面水氮磷迁移转化特征的影响。研究结果表明:各处理的田面水总氮、硝氮、铵氮浓度在施肥后第3 d达到最高,然后迅速下降,并逐渐稳定;田面水总磷浓度在施肥后2~4 d内增幅较小,而后迅速下降至稳定,施加生物炭对田面水总磷的影响不大;可溶性磷浓度在施肥后2~4 d内处于平稳下降的状态,之后迅速下降至稳定。稻田施肥后10 d内是控制氮磷流失的最佳时段。采用生物炭代替部分化肥的施肥方式,在一定范围内能降低稻田田面水的氮磷浓度,稻田退水氮、磷的输出负荷分别减少了39%~50%和38%~50%,显著提高了水稻生态效益。通过综合效益评估可知,施加5 t生物炭代替化肥是综合效益最高的施肥方法,该施肥方式下氮、磷的年输出负荷分别为16.83、1.89 kg·hm~(-2)。     

Insensitivity of soil biological communities to phosphorus fertilization in intensively managed grassland systems

Efficient soil P cycling is essential for promoting optimal and sustainable grassland growth. The soil biological community is regarded as an important source of available P to the plant community. However, the effects of P fertilization on the soil biota are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of P fertilization on plant and soil biological communities in two intensively managed grassland sites that had been receiving mineral‐based P fertilization over a 14‐year period. Both pastures had been frequently cut and harvested for plant material and had received only inorganic fertilizers from the establishment of the trial. Both sites were sampled four times from October 2009 to April 2011 and plant and a range of soil biological parameters were determined at each sampling period. The main findings of this study showed that soil chemical measures, such as labile inorganic P and total P concentrations, and plant yield and P contents responded as expected to P fertilization. However, all soil biological parameters either showed no response or inconsistent responses to P fertilization over the experimental period. This study indicates that intensive management regimes, for example intensive plant harvesting and fertilizer regimes, appear to override the relationship between plant and soil biological communities with respect to their response to P fertilization, and thus their productivity is apparently not predicated upon biotic activity.     

Interaction of plant genotype and management in the persistence of a perennial grass exposed to grazing and soil fertility stresses

Increased stocking rates under typical pasture improvement practices in southern Australia have often been associated with low persistence by sown perennial grasses subjected to continuous stocking. Cultivars of the perennial grass phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.), which is widely used in southern Australia, vary in their phenology and growth habit. Winter‐active cultivars have also been developed with improved stress tolerances, viz. heavy grazing pressure (Holdfast GT) and acid soils (Advanced AT). This study examined the persistence of phalaris genotypes over 4 years under five management treatments: high P‐high stocking rate (18 sheep per hectare) rotationally stocked (HPRS); high P‐high stocking rate continuously stocked (HPCS); high P‐intermediate stocking rate (13·5 sheep per hectare) continuously stocked (HPCS13.5); low P‐low stocking rate (9 sheep per hectare) rotationally stocked (LPRS); and low P‐low stocking rate continuously stocked (LPCS). Basal frequency of phalaris declined rapidly under HPCS and LPCS in the first year of treatments when periods of low herbage mass occurred under low rainfall. Basal frequency in high P treatments stabilized and partially recovered but continued to decline in low P treatments. Holdfast GT survived the early decline in the HPCS treatment better than other winter‐active cultivars and similar to a known grazing tolerant, semi‐winter‐dormant cultivar. Advanced AT and older winter‐active cultivars were sensitive to continuous stocking but persisted better under rotational stocking or under a reduced rate of continuous stocking (HPCS13.5). Rotational management clearly promoted persistence of winter‐active phalaris, but long‐term persistence will be better ensured by combining management with the use of genotypes with grazing tolerance traits.     

金龟子绿僵菌的藻胶颗粒剂型及其促进种群恢复作用

为了保护绿僵菌的存活能力并促进其田间增殖,本试验研究了以海藻胶粒剂型化金龟子绿僵菌的成胶浓度、载体、促活组分、外膜等因素对绿僵菌的存活保护与增殖促进作用。结果确定了适合于金龟子绿僵菌与海藻酸钠、钙离子交联反应的最适条件为海藻酸钠2%、氯化钙0.2~0.3 mol/L;填充4%~10%凹凸棒土支撑颗粒内部胶网,有利于孢子存活和恢复生长;添加0.5%玉米粉或糊精作为促活剂,可使孢子增殖率提高60%;以1.5%海藻酸钠与3.5%聚乙烯醇联合形成的颗粒剂外膜对抵御外界微生物侵袭有一定作用。     

植被类型对黄土坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

植被类型影响黄土坡地径流、土壤侵蚀和和养分迁移过程。该研究通过野外水流冲刷试验,对比分析了6种植被条件下坡面产流产沙及氮磷流失特征。研究结果表明,大黄花拦蓄径流作用最为明显,而大豆最弱;产沙量随时间的变化会出现峰值特征,其中苜蓿控制土壤侵蚀作用要优于其他植被;径流中硝态氮和水溶性磷的浓度在放水初期随时间迅速衰减,而后趋于稳定,幂函数比指数函数能更好的描述径流中硝态氮和水溶性磷浓度变化过程;泥沙中的硝态氮含量随时间迅速衰减,而有效磷的含量则随着时间逐渐波动减小,二者的最高含量均发生在苜蓿地。养分的富集率与土壤侵蚀量成反比;径流硝态氮流失总量的大小关系为谷子苜蓿柠条玉米大豆大黄花,水溶性磷流失总量的大小关系为谷子玉米柠条大豆大黄花苜蓿,谷子、玉米、柠条、大豆、大黄花各自硝态氮和水溶性磷的流失总量基本相同(P0.05);土壤剖面硝态氮含量随着深度增大呈现出峰值特征,且峰值存在的深度不同,土壤有效磷主要积聚在表层5 cm以上,5 cm以下含量极低。综上可知,野外草本植被在拦截径流、减少土壤侵蚀和控制养分流失方面要优于农田作物,在植被恢复中应广泛采用农地撂荒的方式进行恢复。