氮饥饿与磷饥饿促使缺刻缘绿藻花生四烯酸含量增加的比较

以富含花生四烯酸(AA)的缺刻缘绿藻H4301为研究对象,探讨了不同光照强度条件下氮饥饿与磷饥饿对藻生物量、AA及脂肪酸含量变化的影响。发现氮饥饿与磷饥饿均降低了藻类的生长速率与生物量,当在60 μmol photons/(m²·s)的低光照强度下,磷饥饿时的藻类平均生长速率最低［0.025 g/(d·L)］,不足BG-11完全培养基中该藻生长速率的一半;氮饥饿与磷饥饿均能提高藻细胞总脂肪酸及AA的含量,但在低光照强度下磷饥饿的促进效果比较差;无论是完全培养基中还是饥饿处理时,200 μmol photons/(m²·s)的高光照强度都不利于藻细胞AA及多不饱和脂肪酸的合成与积累;随着饥饿时间的不断持续,AA占总脂肪酸的百分含量逐渐增加,而亚油酸的百分含量逐渐降低,但在磷饥饿时,油酸的百分含量也增加,特别在高光照强度下,以油酸为主的单不饱和脂肪酸含量在第27天时占细胞干重的5.28%,以致AA含量的增加没有氮饥饿时的显著。从脂肪酸成分的变化来分析,该藻在氮或磷饥饿过程中主要是从亚油酸到γ-亚麻酸再到20∶3ω6这个途径来合成并积累AA,其中Δ6去饱和酶是限速酶,而ω3去饱和酶催化步骤受饥饿处理的负调控对确保AA的合成与积累有较大的积极作用。氮饥饿使藻细胞蛋白质合成受阻以及磷饥饿使核酸合成、糖类与能量代谢产生障碍,从而阻止藻类的生长并迫使细胞代谢流转向不含氮和磷的脂肪酸合成代谢,以提高藻细胞总脂肪酸及AA含量。     

残膜卷拾机的设计与试验

针对国内现存残膜回收机回收效率低、含杂率高及卸膜困难等问题,设计了一种适用于玉米窄膜覆膜田作业的残膜卷拾回收机具.整机由起膜装置、膜杂分离装置和卷膜装置组成,一次作业可完成起膜、送膜、膜杂分离、卷膜及卸膜等作业项目.田间试验结果表明:在机具前进速度为2 km/h时,机具残膜拾净率为92％,且作业性能较稳定,满足农业行业...     

北海珍珠养殖区与非养殖区春、秋季磷的形态特征及其相关性

利用2008年9月和2009年4月对北海珍珠养殖区和非养殖区的调查资料,对该海区磷的循环特征及其生态效应进行了分析研究.研究结果表明,该海区磷的储量不高,无论是养殖区还是非养殖区均表现为有机态磷和无机磷含量明显偏低.除颗粒态磷外,所有形态磷均表现为秋季明显高于春季,突出体现了生物释放的补充影响作用.在磷的形态转化上,春...     

有机质对大型富营养化浅水湖泊沉积物磷吸附特征的影响

以大型浅水湖泊（太湖和巢湖）为研究对象,系统分析了沉积物有机质（OM）含量和组成、磷吸附参数、磷形态及间隙水溶解反应性磷（SRP）浓度在水平方向上的分布。吸附解吸平衡浓度（EPC0）与SRP浓度的比较结果表明,在太湖北部与巢湖南淝河入湖口等污染较严重的区域,沉积物仍表现出吸附磷的功能;OM与土壤有效磷（Olsen-P）、磷吸附指数和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著正相关,有机质分解所产生的小分子物质可增加磷的吸附容量;添加小分子有机质的室内模拟试验进一步证实了上述假设,糖类主要影响磷的吸附能,而氨基酸主要增加最大吸附量。有机质自身及其降解产物以不同方式影响沉积物对磷的吸附能力,并据此调节湖泊富营养化过程。     

Phosphorus utilization in juvenile Clarias gariepinus fed phytase-supplemented diets based on soya bean (oil-extracted) and full-fat (roasted): A comparison

The effect of microbial phytase on phosphorus utilization in juvenile Clarias gariepinus (initial fish body weight 11.55 ± 0.2 g) was tested on two different diets based on oil-extracted soya bean (Experiment 1) and roasted soya bean meal (Experiment 2) using a 5 × 5 experimental design for 84 days. The basal isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets for oil-extracted and roasted soya bean were formulated to replace fish meal at 25% (S1E), 50% (S2E), 75% (S3E), 100% (S4E); and 25% (S1), 50% (S2), 75% (S3), 100% (S4), respectively. Each treatment was replicated four times. Microbial phytase was supplemented in each replicate at 250 FTU/g (P1), 500 FTU/g (P2), 750 FTU/g (P3), and 1,000 FTU/g (P4). Basal controls, which included a fish meal-based diet (S0), were not supplemented with phytase (P0). The result in Experiment 1 showed that there was a significant increase in whole-body protein and reduction in fat with phytase compared to a diet without phytase (P < 0.05). Serum total protein declined significantly with phytase supplementation (P < 0.05). Serum phosphorus and glucose were higher with phytase supplementation compared to control (P < 0.05). Bone minerals declined significantly with increasing level of soya bean compared to fish meal diet (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, serum phosphorus was improved with phytase compared to control with no phytase (P > 0.05). A significant reduction in whole-body protein and increase in fat was observed for fish fed phytase diets compared to diets with no phytase, regardless of soya bean level (P < 0.05); however, ash content was improved with phytase (250 FTU/g) compared to control (P < 0.05). Phytase supplementation improved bone phosphorus (250 FTU/g), calcium (250 FTU/g), magnesium (250–500 FTU/g), and zinc (250–1,000 FTU/g) compared to control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the research has demonstrated that improved bone phosphorus (P) and growth could be achieved with the supplementation of dietary phytase.     

Optimization of phosphorus content in high plant protein practical diets for Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis,Kaup 1858) juveniles: influence on growth performance and composition of whole body and vertebrae

Practical diets containing PP sources were elaborated. Increasing levels of di‐calcium phosphate were added to diets leading to five different dietary available P levels: 2.5, 3.2, 6.0, 6.5 and 8.0 g kg^?1 dry diet. The dietary treatments were tested in 13.5 g Senegalese sole juveniles throughout an 82‐day experimental period. Dietary P content had no effect on the productive parameters, while nutrient intake was also similar among dietary treatments, except P intake. Dry matter ADC ranged between 54.9% and 64.0%, and the highest P ADCs value (47.2 ± 0.7%) was achieved in fish fed AP6.0. Dietary phosphorus level significantly influenced body lipid and P compositions. Regression analysis performed on whole‐body P and ash contents fitted to quadratic models. Vertebral bone P content was low but increased significantly with increasing dietary P levels. Bone density and deformities occurrence were, however, similar between experimental conditions. An altered status of bone formation–resorption processes in soles fed the lowest P content diet might be inferred from ALP and TRAP activities. In conclusion, overall results state a high tolerance of Senegalese sole to low P content diets and support the utilization of practical diets with high plant protein content.     

Monitoring and modelling total phosphorus contributions to a freshwater lake with cage‐aquaculture

A mass‐balance modelling approach combined with a sensitivity analysis was utilized to gain an improved understanding of the relative contributions of phosphorus (P) loading from various anthropogenic and non‐anthropogenic sources into Lake Wolsey (Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada), a Type 2 freshwater lake with a cage‐aquaculture facility. Total P loadings were estimated from eight sources (inlet exchange, non‐point sources, cage‐aquaculture facility, internal loading, groundwater seepage, atmospheric deposition, leaf litter and dwellings) and three sinks (outlet exchange, sedimentation and sportfishing). Results indicated that over the study period (May–November 2007) the non‐point sources were the leading contributor of total P to Lake Wolsey (1120 kg P) followed by the cage‐aquaculture facility loading (915 kg P), inlet exchange (539 kg P), groundwater inputs (305 kg P), dwellings (219 kg P), internal P recycling loads from the hypoxic hypolimnion (186 kg P), atmospheric deposition (79 kg P) and decomposing leaf litter (8.1 kg P). When comparing the loadings in this study, the sensitivity analysis showed that non‐point sources were the only significant input parameter of total P loading to the in‐lake concentrations of P in Lake Wolsey(P = 0.05). Information from this project will provide water quality managers with sound scientific information to make defencible decisions pertaining to policy and regulatory approaches for water quality risk assessment and management of cage‐aquaculture in Type 2 sites.     

绍兴市凡纳滨对虾围垦滩涂养殖池塘的理化环境和浮游植物

2016年和2017年分别调查了位于浙江省绍兴市滨海新区的12口凡纳滨对虾围垦滩涂养殖池塘内的理化环境和浮游植物。结果显示:池塘内盐度变化范围为0~2,溶氧为6.2~13.9 mg/L,pH为7.5~9.8,总氨氮(TAN)为0.00~0.72 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)为0.00~1.70 mg/L,硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)为0.18~4.77 mg/L,总氮为1.74~6.08 mg/L,总磷为0.20~2.72 mg/L,总有机碳为1.88~42.57 mg/L,C/N为10~39。池塘内浮游植物种类隶属6门、24科、42属,其中蓝藻和绿藻为优势种。浮游植物生物量为(0.15~2.30)×107cell/L,叶绿素a(Chl.a)为2.62~37.24μg/L。Chl.a与蓝藻生物量显著正相关。NO_2~--N和NO3--N均与pH显著负相关。初步分析认为高pH可能是导致2016年池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾死亡率较高的重要原因,因此采取措施控制蓝藻生物量和水体的p H应有助于提高对虾养殖的存活率。     

Phosphorus‐enriched soils of urban and suburban Nanjing and their effect on groundwater phosphorus

Neither the phosphorus (P)‐rich soils in urban areas nor their environmental implications have been adequately studied. This study investigated soils of typical urban function zones in Nanjing/China, like park, residential areas, school yards, campus as well as suburb vegetable land and garbage filling sites, and meantime ground water in situ. Typical soils were also experimentally leached for P leaching evaluation. All studied soils were enriched with P with enrichment ratios varying from 2 to 10 for total P and 5 to 22 for NaHCO₃‐extractable P, as compared with the original parent soils. The C : P ratios also indicated strong enrichment of P in urban soils. In urban areas the maximum P layer appeared as buried under different depth while in suburban soils as epipedon. The various morphology of P distribution suggested different soil formation patterns, which were related to the land use history. Groundwater P was significantly correlated with the maximum extractable P content of P in soil profiles and even better with the weighted average P content of the whole profile or P content of the soil layer at or close to groundwater table. Dissolved P in experimental leachate was comparable with that of groundwater but higher than environmentally acceptable level. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between solution P and different extractable P forms of the studied soils. Simple P tests can provide an evaluation of the potential risk of urban soils in discharging P to water system.     

硬盘数据恢复方法及建议

介绍了数据丢失的原因及解决方法,并根据实际经验提出一些建议,以减少数据丢失的损失。