嘧霉胺对环境生物毒性及安全评价

测定了嘧霉胺农药对6种有代表性的非靶生物蜜蜂、鹌鹑、家蚕、斑马鱼、泽蛙、蚯蚓的急性毒性,并进行了安全性评价。试验结果表明:嘧霉胺对蜜蜂接触LD50(48 h)>100μg/蜂,经口LC50(48 h)>1333 mg/L,对雌、雄鹌鹑LC50(7 d)>1000 mg/kg,对家蚕、斑马鱼、泽蛙的LC50(96 h)分别为727、25.1、27.7 mg/L,对蚯蚓LC50(14 d)为206 mg/kg干土。该农药对蜜蜂、鹌鹑、家蚕、斑马鱼、泽蛙、蚯蚓毒性均为低毒级。     

约氏不动杆菌（Acinetobacter johnsonii）的分离及其聚磷特性的研究

采用定性、定量相结合的方法,从城市污水中筛选到一株高效聚磷菌（CH-1）,经生理生化特征及16 rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株为不动杆菌属的约氏不动杆菌（Acinetobacter johnsonii）。进行了该菌株的生长曲线、含磷培养液的pH、磷酸盐浓度变化及去磷效果等测定。结果表明：该菌在培养6—8h时繁殖量达到最大（0．54mg／L）,培养液pH值达到最高（8．88）,而磷酸盐浓度降至最低（1．08mg／L）。好氧条件下,含磷培养液培养72h后,培养液中磷浓度由10mg／L降至3．476mg／L,去磷率高达65．24％。CH-1菌处理模拟废水的除磷率高达68．88％,具有较强的聚磷能力。     

Notes on the biology of juvenile Sparodon durbanensis (Pisces: Sparidae) from tidal pools in the Eastern Cape,South Africa

The length/frequency distribution, length/mass relationship, seasonal occurrence, growth and diet of Sparodon durbanensis from tidal pools in the Eastern Cape was investigated over a two-year period. The fish were predominantly small (mean length of 53 mm TL) with the smallest specimens being found in summer. Juveniles were found to be omnivorous, consuming algae, crustaceans and polychaetes, although, with the acquisition of adult dentition (ie. crushing molars), hard-shelled molluscs became important in the diet.     

Effects of azoxystrobin,chlorothalonil, and ethoprophos on the reproduction of three terrestrial invertebrates using a natural Mediterranean soil

The potential terrestrial toxicity of three pesticides, azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, and ethoprophos was evaluated using reproduction ecotoxicological tests with different non-target species: the collembolan Folsomia candida, the earthworm Eisenia andrei, and the enchytraeid Enchytraeus crypticus. All reproduction tests were performed with natural soil from a Mediterranean agricultural area (with no pesticide residues) in order to improve the relevance of laboratory data to field conditions. Controls were performed with natural and standard artificial soil (OECD 10% OM). The fungicide azoxystrobin showed the highest toxicity to earthworms (EC₅₀ = 42.0 mg a.i. kg⁻¹ dw soil). Collembolans were the most sensitive taxa in terms of sublethal effects of chlorothalonil with an EC₅₀ of 31.1 mg a.i. kg⁻¹ dw soil followed by the earthworms with an EC₅₀ of 40.9 mg a.i. kg⁻¹ dw soil. The insecticide ethoprophos was the most toxic to collembolans affecting their reproduction with an EC₅₀ of 0.027 mg a.i. kg⁻¹ dw soil. Enchytraeids were generally the least sensitive of the three species tested for long-term effects. Earthworms were not always the most sensitive species, emphasizing the need to increase the number of mandatory assays with key non-target organisms in the environmental risk assessment of pesticides.     

真菌对有机磷农药生物降解的研究进展

利用微生物对有机磷农药进行生物降解,是修复生态环境的可行之策。笔者从降解有机磷农药的真菌种类、降解机理和基因工程菌构建等方面对近年来国内外的研究成果做了全面的综述。最后,根据现有的研究状况和研究中存在的问题,对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

用稻田模拟生态系统研究农药氯唑磷对水生生物安全性的影响

建立稻田—鱼塘模拟生态系统 ,以研究氯唑磷农药在稻田—鱼塘模拟生态系统中的迁移、转化规律 ,及其对鱼、虾等水生生物的影响。结果表明 ,氯唑磷颗粒剂施入稻田后快速崩解并向水体释放 ,稻田水及稻田鱼沟水中最高浓度分别达 0 377mg·L-1和 0 0 84mg·L-1;施药 4h后 ,将稻田水排入邻近鱼塘 ,水塘水体中氯唑磷最高浓度达 0 0 2 2mg·L-1。水生生物对氯唑磷较为敏感 ,养殖在模拟生态系统中的鱼、虾受到一定的危害。因此氯唑磷在稻田使用时 ,应注意其对水生生物的安全性     

Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by Karenia spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine Organisms

In recent decades, more than 130 potentially toxic metabolites originating from dinoflagellate species belonging to the genus Karenia or metabolized by marine organisms have been described. These metabolites include the well-known and large group of brevetoxins (BTXs), responsible for foodborne neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and airborne respiratory symptoms in humans. Karenia spp. also produce brevenal, brevisamide and metabolites belonging to the hemi-brevetoxin, brevisin, tamulamide, gymnocin, gymnodimine, brevisulcenal and brevisulcatic acid groups. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge in the literature since 1977 on these various identified metabolites, whether they are produced directly by the producer organisms or biotransformed in marine organisms. Their structures and physicochemical properties are presented and discussed. Among future avenues of research, we highlight the need for more toxin occurrence data with analytical techniques, which can specifically determine the analogs present in samples. New metabolites have yet to be fully described, especially the groups of metabolites discovered in the last two decades (e.g tamulamides). Lastly, this work clarifies the different nomenclatures used in the literature and should help to harmonize practices in the future.