基于多元线性回归模型的生物质与烟煤混燃灰熔融特征温度预测

生物质中钾、钠等碱金属含量高,极易导致生物质与煤混燃灰沾污结渣严重。灰熔融特征温度是用于表征积灰结渣倾向的重要指标。该研究在充分考虑灰中酸/碱性组分对熔融特征温度影响的基础上,以生物质与烟煤混燃灰中Al₂O₃、SiO₂、P₂O₅、SO₃、K₂O、CaO、Fe₂O₃7种氧化物作为变量,利用Matlab软件建立了基于多元线性回归模型的生物质与烟煤混燃灰熔融特征温度预测模型,并以中国农村典型的玉米秸秆和神木烟煤为试样,测定其在不同掺混比例、不同温度和不同停留时间下的灰分组成及熔融特征温度。试验结果表明：随着混合燃料中玉米秸秆的质量分数由25%增至75%时,灰样中MgO、K₂O、CaO、Na₂O等碱性氧化物的含量增加,特别是对于K₂O而言,其质量分数由5.89%升至14.41%,而Al₂O₃、P₂O₅和SO₃等酸性氧化物的含量逐渐减少,其中Al₂O₃的质量分数由12.05%降至7.78%,P₂O₅的质量分数由3.66%降至1.07%,SO₃的含量由7.70%降至1.48%。随着灰化温度升高和停留时间延长,Cl元素的含量明显减少。将该模型的预测结果与经验公式预测结果及试验结果对比,发现该预测模型中P₂O₅、SO₃对灰熔融特征温度的影响系数较大,这与试验结果基本相符。灰熔融特征温度与Al₂O₃、SiO₂、P₂O₅、CaO等氧化物含量呈正相关,表明这些氧化物成分有助于抑制熔融结渣。利用试验测量及经验公式等方法对该预测模型的结果进行检验,利用该模型预测的熔融特征温度与试验值的误差在5%以内,验证了该模型的准确性和可靠性。该模型研究结果可为准确预测生物质与烟煤混燃灰熔融特征温度以及防治锅炉积灰结渣提供参考。     

不同退化程度的草地植被和土壤特征

研究了克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)草原未退化、中度退化和重度退化草地的植被和土壤微生物的季节动态。结果表明, 随退化程度增加, 克氏针茅的重要值降低, 冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)的重要值增加, 重度退化草地群落多样性最低。重度退化草地土壤全氮含量最高而有效磷含量最低。未退化草地土壤微生物碳、氮含量高于退化草地, 草地退化对菌根真菌(AMF)孢子密度、细菌、真菌和放线菌数量的影响随季节变化而不同。5―8月未退化草地真菌数量大于重度退化草地, 9月两者差异不显著。7―9月未退化草地细菌数量大于重度退化草地, 6月两者差异不显著。各指标均在7月或8月达到最高值。土壤真菌、细菌、放线菌与土壤全氮、微生物氮均有显著相关性。土壤真菌、细菌与土壤微生物碳有显著相关性。     

广东不同林龄乔木生物量及物种多样性与叶面积指数的关系

以广东的4个自然保护区和2个生态功能区的5种林龄的林分为研究对象,用样地调查法、生物量实测方法结合植物冠层分析仪对各样方的总生物量、乔木层的生物量、多样性指数和叶面积指数进行测定,分析其分布特征及相关关系。结果表明：总生物量为乔木层>灌木层>草木层,其中乔木层成熟林的生物量显著高于其他龄组,生物量关系为成熟林>近熟林>中龄林>过熟林>幼龄林,呈单峰型变化,在成熟林阶段达到峰值。乔木层LAI值在0.77~4.19;乔木层随着林龄的变化,LAI差异依次为中龄林>成熟林>近熟林>过熟林>幼龄林,呈倒“U”型变化;乔木层LAI与乔木层生物量存在正相关关系,相关显著;中龄林的乔木层LAI显著高于幼龄林和过熟林,中龄林、近熟林和成熟林的乔木层LAI差异不明显。不同林龄乔木层Shannon-Winner指数为近熟林>中龄林>过熟林>成熟林>幼龄林,总体趋势呈“S”型变化;不同林龄乔木层Pielou均匀度指数为成熟林>近熟林>中龄林>过熟林>幼龄林,总体趋势呈单峰型变化,峰值在成熟林阶段;乔木层Shannon-Winner指数、乔木层Pielou均匀度指数均与乔木层生物量呈线性显著正相关。因此,不同林龄下乔木层生物量、乔木层物种多样性指数和乔木层叶面积指数均存在差异;乔木层多样性指数与乔木层生物量存在正相关关系;乔木层叶面积指数与乔木层生物量存在正相关关系。     

车用生物燃气工程范例余热定量评估及可利用性分析

针对车用生物燃气工程能耗高、余热利用率低的问题,该文以国内4个典型工程为基础,构建了产气规模为1万m3/d的示例工程,并对其进行余热分析。分析结果显示,此类工程用能量大,占总产能的30.01%～36.44%;余热利用率低,只有部分贫液余热得以回收;系统余热主要由脱碳塔顶气余热、脱碳贫液余热、压缩机余热、沼液余热和锅炉尾气余热5部分组成,其多为低品位余热、量大稳定。余热计算表明,在最冷月和最热月系统余热潜力分别为5.87×104、4.79×104 MJ/d,最大节能潜力分别为74.81%和73.92%,节能潜力降序排列为沼液余热>贫液余热>塔顶气余热>压缩机余热>锅炉余热。余热可利用性分析认为工程余热可利用性较高,回收价值较大。     

Combining conservation tillage with nitrogen fertilization promotes maize straw decomposition by regulating soil microbial community and enzyme activities

Straw return can effectively improve farmland soil microenvironment and fertility. However, excessive straw in the topsoil adversely affects seed germination and crop growth. At present, the characteristics and key driving factors of straw decomposition in dry farmlands are unclear. Based on the interactions between tillage practices including zero tillage (ZT), chisel tillage (CT), and plow tillage (PT) and nitrogen (N) fertilization, i.e., low N (N1, 180 kg ha^-1), normal N (N2, 240 kg ha^-1), and high N (N3, 300 kg ha^-1), quantitative polymerase chain reaction technology and an enzymatic detection kit were used to investigate the effects of key straw C-degrading enzyme activities and microbial abundance in soil on maize straw decomposition during the growth period of winter wheat in the winter wheat/summer maize double cropping system in a dry farmland of the Loess Plateau, China. Between 2018 and 2020, ZT and CT significantly increased winter wheat yield (by 10.94% and 12.79%, respectively) and straw decomposition velocity (by 20% and 26.67%, respectively), compared with PT. Compared to N1 and N3, N2 significantly increased wheat yield (by 4.65% and 5.31%, respectively) and straw decomposition velocity (by 26.33% and 13.21%, respectively). The partial least squares pathway modelling showed significant positive direct effects of soil moisture, NO-₃, NH⁺₄, total N, bacteria, and cellulase, laccase, and xylanase activities on straw decomposition, while soil pH, fungi, and Actinomycetes had significant negative direct effects. Overall, conservation tillage (ZT and CT) combined with N2 was beneficial for straw decomposition in the drylands of the Loess Plateau and improved straw resource utilization and basic soil fertility. The results of the study clarified the key drivers of straw decomposition in dry farmlands and provided new ideas for developing updated soil management practices and adaptive N application strategies to promote the resource utilization of straw and achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.     

三江源区森林植被对气候变化响应的研究分析

基于植物生态学原理,在设置样地、建立样方的基础上,分别采用角规法对三江源区10个典型乔木林样地蓄积量、每木检尺法对三江源区10个典型灌木林样地生物量、收获法对三江源区10个典型草本样地生物量进行年度连续监测,在同期、同空间、同尺度条件下发现:2006年度乔木林蓄积量相比2005年稍有增长,2006年度灌木林生物量相比2005年有增有减,2006年度草本生物量相比2005年均有减少。分析其原因主要是由于气候变化造成的,2006年较2005年平均气温升高0.2-1.0℃、蒸发量增加54-334mm、年降水量减少60.7-164.5mm。     

坝上地区老芒麦草地土壤水分和生物量变化特征

于2004～2007年利用TDR对田间土壤水分动态进行监测,研究了该地区不同降水年型下多年生老芒麦草地土壤水分的动态变化特征,同时对该地区老芒麦的耗水特性和生长特征进行了分析.结果表明,土壤水分在6月下旬达最低值,7月中旬牧草头茬草收割后土壤贮水开始迅速增加,至8月份雨季结束后又迅速下降.老芒麦的生物量以头茬草为主,干物质的主要积累时期为6月下旬到7月初的拔节抽穗期.该地区牧草的主要干物质累积时期和土壤水分的充分供给时期存在严重的不一致,建议进行土壤水分季节调控或人工草地的生育期调节研究.     

Urban tree growth and their dependency on infiltration rates in structural soil and structural cells

Expanding tree canopies can be difficult to achieve in built environments because urban land is costly and urban soil inhospitable to vegetation so engineered planting systems offer a potentially valuable tool for achieving sustainable urban forests. Tree water uptake, performance and root distribution were assessed in systems of structural soil and structural cell. Structural soil relies on stone and soil, it is highly porous and designed to support tree root growth and possess pavement strength. The structural cell is made up of rigid structural units with 90% void space which is to be filled with soil. To evaluate tree performance under the conditions of fill and drain regimes in structural soil and structural cell, these two systems were subjected to three simulated infiltration rates. This study was conducted in April 2015 to April 2016 in the tropical equatorial environment of South East Asia. Infiltration rate affected both biomass accumulation and rooting depth. Species and substrate effect was significant for biomass and rooting characteristics but less prominent for transpiration. Biomass was greater for trees in structural cells, and Pouteria obovata was particularly sensitive to prolonged inundation. Rooting depth was always higher in the rapid infiltration indicating the negative effects inundation had on this parameter. Root system in the structural cell was deeper while those in the structural soil were wider. Samanea saman had better adapted to the drain and fill regimes, and this was despite Pouteria obovata being a coastal species and was expected to be flood tolerant. Species and substrate effect was weak (R² ranging from 0.20 to 0.28) but moderate drainage consistently led to higher transpiration. We conclude that structural soil and structural cell are potential solutions and provide a tool to overcome suboptimal urban growing conditions. The application of these solutions will allow for seamless integration of greenery with urban infrastructure.     

玉米芯和桉木的低温热解特性

为实现生物质资源的分级综合利用,该文采用热重分析仪和裂解气质联用仪进行了对玉米芯和桉木低温热解特性的研究。试验结果表明不同生物质原料低温快速热解产物有明显差异,玉米芯的低温快速热解产物主要有乙酸、2,3-二氢-苯并呋喃和2-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚,而桉木的产物主要是乙酸、糠醛和5,6-二氢-4-羟基-吡喃-2-酮。生物质低温快速热解产物种类较少,分布较为集中,玉米芯和桉木的酸类、呋喃类,桉木的吡喃类热解产物相对含量随温度上升而降低。生物质低温热解能有效分解其半纤维素,这为降低中温热解油的酸性和水分提供了理论指导。     

Agronomic performance of no-tillage relay intercropping with maize under smallholder conditions in Central Brazil

In the context of conservation agriculture on small scale farms of the Brazilian Cerrado, we hypothesized that planting a cover crop in relay with a commercial crop improves the efficiency of use of available natural resources, increasing biomass for use as fodder without reducing the grain yield of the main crop. The objective of this study was to measure the performance of two intercropped systems in terms of total above-ground biomass production and maize (Zea mays) grain yield: pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and Brachiaria (Brachiaria ruziziensis) sown as cover crops in established maize under a no-tillage management. The cover crops were sown at two different dates and a comparison was made with the three crops sown as a sole crop at the early sowing date. The experiment was conducted during the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 growing seasons. Maize grain yield was not reduced by the presence of the relay cover crops in comparison with maize as the sole crop, even when the cover crop was sown soon after maize emergence. In contrast, the production of above-ground biomass by the cover crop was significantly lower when grown with maize than it was when grown as a sole crop. In the intercropped systems, when sown early, the cover crop produced higher total biomass than when sown late. Total above-ground biomass production of maize intercropped with a cover crop was much higher than that of any of the crops sown alone: the total biomass (average of the two growing seasons) produced by maize and pigeon pea was more than double that of maize grown alone. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of maize grain yield and biomass production was higher than one whatever the intercropped system used. It was particularly high when maize was intercropped with early sown pigeon pea; grain yield LER and biomass LER reaching, respectively, 1.72 and 1.73 in 2007-2008 and 2.02 and 2.03 in 2008-2009. These high LER values provide evidence for the complementary and the high efficiency of use of available resources by the intercropped plants and thus the advantage of such systems to produce both maize grain and cover crop forage under the conditions of our study.