骆驼刺幼苗生长和功能性状对不同水氮添加的响应

采用盆栽实验,设计干旱(30%~35%FC)、中水(60%~65%FC)和湿润(80%~85%FC)3个水分梯度以及不施氮、低、中、高4个氮素水平的完全随机组合试验,连续2年研究了不同水分和氮素添加对骆驼刺幼苗生物量、叶片和细根功能性状的影响,并分析了不同功能性状间的相关性。结果表明,骆驼刺幼苗的生物累积、叶片和细根功能性状均受到水氮交互作用的显著影响,但不同生长时期响应格局不同。对于1年生幼苗,总根系生物量在干旱低氮处理下最高,但与中水不施氮处理差异不明显;比叶面积和叶氮含量在干旱中氮处理下均显著高于其他处理,叶片组织密度值却最低;在干旱高氮处理下细根比根长显著高于其他处理,细根组织密度却明显较低。对于2年生幼苗,中水中氮处理的叶片、细根、地上和地下生物量累积均最高;比叶面积在对照处理(干旱不施氮)下最高,叶片组织密度值却最低;干旱低氮处理的细根比根长显著高于其他处理,但细根组织密度明显较低。叶片与细根功能性状间无明显相关性,但叶片与总根系生物量呈极显著正相关。叶氮含量与比叶面积也呈显著正相关,细根比根长与细根组织密度、比叶面积与叶片组织密度均呈显著负相关。这表明叶片与细根功能性状对水氮条件变化的响应并不同步,地上与地下生长的关联主要表现为叶片和根系生物量累积变化的一致性。     

秦岭火地塘林区红桦林生物量和蓄积量变化研究

以秦岭火地塘林区红桦林为研究对象,设置20 m×20 m调查样地48块,获得地形和林分的相关数据。采用树木年轮学方法分析其生物量、蓄积量和生产力的动态变化,使用差异性分析研究不同海拔、坡度、坡向间红桦林生物量、蓄积量和生产力的变化,运用相关性分析和偏相关分析研究林龄和林分密度与红桦林生物量、蓄积量和生产力参数的关系,采用主成分分析和回归分析研究红桦林生物量和蓄积量的主要影响因子并得出回归模型。结果表明,红桦林生物量、蓄积量和生产力随海拔增大而减小,随坡度增大而增大,不同海拔、坡度间生物量和蓄积量差异性显著（p<0.05）,生产力差异性不显著（p>0.05）,不同坡向间,阳坡红桦林生物量、蓄积量和生产力均显著大于阴坡;相关性分析表明,红桦林生物量、蓄积量和生产力与林分年龄呈显著性正相关关系;偏相关分析表明生物量、蓄积量和生产力与林分密度呈显著性正相关关系;主成分分析表明,特征值>1的3个主成分对林分生物量和蓄积量的方差累积贡献率为79.95%;回归分析表明,海拔、坡度、坡向、林龄和林分密度是影响红桦林生物量和蓄积量的主要因子;估算红桦林生物量的模型为B=0.137fd+10.627sta-2.855sla+0.007g+0.002e-307.311,估算红桦林蓄积量的模型为V=0.125fd+12.308sta-10.174sla-0.320g+0.013e-369.848。     

新疆杨元素含量与生物量研究

新疆杨(Populus bolleana Lauche)在我国新疆栽培最早,尤以和田、喀什地区生长最好。青海、甘肃、宁夏亦早有栽培,近十余年在陕西、内蒙、山西、辽宁、吉林诸省和北京市也有引种,是我国干旱、半干旱地区农田防护林及人工丰产林的优良树种。为进一步利用新疆杨资源,研究其生物量将具有实际应用价值。     

Microbial biomass and activity in soil and litter underPinus sylvestris, Picea abies andBetula pendula at originally similar field afforestation sites

Microbial biomass C and N, and activities related to C and N cycles, were compared in needle and leaf litter, and in the uppermost 10 cm of soil under the litter layer in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula L.) stands, planted on originally similar field afforestation sites 23–24 years ago. The ground vegetation was differentiated under different tree species, consisting of grasses and herbs under birch and pine, and mosses or no vegetation with a thick layer of needles under spruce. The C:N ratio of the soils was 13–21 and the soil pH_{CaCl 2} 3.8–5.2. Both showed little variation under different tree species. Microbial biomass C and N, C mineralization, net ammonification, reduction) did not differ significantly in soil under different tree species either. Birch leaf litter had a higher pH_{CaCl 2} (5.9) than spruce and pine needle litter (pH 5.0 and 4.8, respectively). The C:N ratio of spruce needles was 30, and was considerably higher in pine needles (69) and birch leaves (54). Birch leaves tended to have the highest microbial biomass C and C mineralization. Spruce needles appeared to have the highest microbial biomass N and net formation of mineral N, whereas formation of mineral N in pine needles and birch leaves was negligible. Microbial biomass C and N were of the same order of magnitude in the soil and litter samples but C mineralization was tenfold higher in the litter samples.     

Impact of harvesting and logging slash on nitrogen and carbon dynamics in soils from upland spruce forests in northeastern Ontario

The potential impact of timber harvesting in the boreal forest on aquatic ecosystem water quality and productivity depends in part on the production of nutrients within the soil of the harvested catchment. Nitrogen supplied by organic matter decomposition is of particular interest because of the important role that N plays in biotic processes in surface waters, and in forest nutrition in general. Logging slash quality and input to the forest floor has the potential to influence N availability after harvest on clearcut sites. Net production of organic and inorganic-N and microbial biomass C and N concentrations were determined during a 90-day laboratory incubation at constant temperature and moisture. Incubated soils included F horizon and shallow mineral soil horizons (0-5 cm) from unharvested and full-tree harvested (2 and 12 growing seasons since harvest) boreal forest sites at the Esker Lakes Research Area (ELRA), in northeastern Ontario, Canada. In an ancillary experiment, black spruce foliage was added to unharvested forest floor material after 30 days during a 90-day laboratory incubation to simulate the influence of logging slash from full-tree harvesting on C and N dynamics. Twelve-year old clearcut F horizon material released on average 75 and 5 times more -N and 3 and 2 times as much inorganic-N than soil collected from unharvested and 2-year-old clearcuts, respectively. This increase in -N accumulation during the incubation was accompanied by decreases in both exchangeable -N and microbial biomass C and N levels. Net daily changes in microbial biomass N were significantly related to organic and inorganic-N accumulation or loss within the F horizon. Mineral soil release of inorganic-N was lower than release from the forest floor. Nitrate-nitrogen accumulation was lower, and -N accumulation was higher in mineral soil from unharvested sites when compared to 12-year-old clearcuts. Calculated harvest response ratios indicated that incubated mineral soil from the 12-year-old clearcut sites released significantly greater amounts of -N than 2-year-old clearcuts. Incorporation of black spruce needles into F horizon material reduced the production of organic and inorganic-N and increased microbial biomass N. Laboratory incubations of F horizon and shallow mineral soil from 12-year-old clearcuts suggested that these boreal soils have the capacity for increased inorganic-N production compared to uncut stands several years after harvesting. This has the potential to increase N availability to growing boreal forest plantations and increase N leaching due to greater -N levels in the forest soil.     

Effect of indaziflam on microbial activity and nitrogen cycling processes in an orchard soil

Indaziflam is a preemergent herbicide widely used for the control of weeds in pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards in the southwestern region of the United States. Given the paucity of data regarding the effect of indaziflam on the biochemical properties of soils supporting pecan production, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different application rates of indaziflam on soil microbial activity, diversity, and biochemical processes related to nitrogen (N) cycling. During two consecutive growing seasons (2015 and 2016), soil samples were obtained from experimental mesocosms consisting of soil-filled pots where pecan saplings were grown and treated with indaziflam applied at two different rates (25 and 50 g active ingredient (ai) ha^-1, with the higher rate being slightly lower than the recommended field application rate of 73.1 g ai ha^-1). Soil samples were collected approximately one week before and one week after herbicide application for determination of soil microbial biomass and diversity, N mineralization, and β-glucosaminidase activity. Soil samples collected from the control mesocosms without herbicide application were treated in the laboratory with two rates of indaziflam (75 and 150 g ai ha^-1) to determine the immediate effect on microbial activity. No significant effect of herbicide treatment on soil respiration and microbial biomass was detected. The results showed a slight to moderate decrease in microbial diversity (7% in 2015 and 44% in 2016). However, decreased β-glucosaminidase activity with herbicide treatment was observed in soils from the mesocosms (33%) and soils treated with indaziflam in the laboratory (45%). The mineral N pool was generally dominated by ammonium after indaziflam application, which was consistent with the drastic decrease (75%) in nitrification activity measured in the laboratory experiment. The results of this study indicate that indaziflam, even when applied at higher than recommended rates, has limited effects on soil microbial activity, but may affect N cycling processes.     

不同工艺参数下苜蓿草粉环模制粒机流场的模拟与验证

环模制粒成型技术以其高效率、高成型率、强适应性等优点广泛应用于生物质能源和饲料产业等领域。该文以苜蓿草粉为原料,应用POLYFLOW软件对环模制粒机挤压区流场进行数值模拟,研究了喂料量、环模转速和物料含水率的变化对流场压力、速度、剪切速率和黏度分布特性的影响规律,并以试验验证,旨在为生产工艺的有效控制提供参考依据。结果表明:在结构参数等条件一定的情况下,增大喂料量,流场压力升高,挤压成型区域扩大,且物料以较快的速度作层流运动,流场剪切速率降低,黏度增大,出模压力和成型密度较大;减小环模转速,流场压力和挤压成型区增大,流动速度减小,剪切速率降低,黏度较大,但出模压力和成型密度降低;物料含水率降低使流场压力、黏度、出模压力和成型密度增加。通过比较得出:当喂料量为6 t/h、环模线速度为6.5 m/s和物料含水率为15%时所形成的流场有利于苜蓿草粉的制粒成型。     

Effects of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and N Source on Plant Growth and N and P Uptake by Tomato Grown on Calcareous Soils

Introducing specific microorganisms into the soil ecological system is an important strategy for improving nutrient use efficiency. Two pot experiments were conducted in the greenhouse from December 3, 2012 to January 25, 2013 (Experiment 1) and March 11 to April 23, 2013 (Experiment 2) to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) source and inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on plant growth and N and phosphorus (P) uptake in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown on calcareous soils from South Florida, USA. Treatments included urea, controlled release urea (a controlled release fertilizer, CRF) each at low and high N rates and with or without inoculation of PGPR. A mixture of PGPR strains Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IN937a and Bacillus pumilus T4 was applied to the soil during growing periods of tomato. Treatments with PGPR inoculation increased plant height compared to treatments without PGPR in both experiments. Inoculation with PGPR increased shoot dry weight and shoot N uptake for the same N rate and N source. In both experiments, only at high N rate, CRF and urea treatments with PGPR had significantly (P < 0.05) greater shoot biomass than those without PGPR. Only at high N rate, CRF treatment with PGPR significantly increased shoot N uptake by 39.0% and 10.3% compared to that without PGPR in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Meanwhile, presence of PGPR in the soil increased shoot P uptake for all treatments in Experiment 1 and for most treatments in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, only at low N rate, CRF treatment with PGPR significantly increased shoot P uptake compared with that without PGPR. In Experiment 2, a significant increase in shoot P uptake by inoculation of PGPR was only observed in CRF treatment at high N rate. Results from this study indicate that inoculation with PGPR may increase plant growth and N and P uptake by tomato grown on calcareous soils. However, the effect of PGPR varied and was influenced by many factors such as N source, N rate, and soil fertility. Further investigations are warranted to confirm the effect of PGPR under different soil conditions.     

Tillage choices affect biochemical properties in the soil profile

Intensive conventional farming and continuous use of land resources can lead to agro-ecosystem decline and increased releases of CO₂ to the atmosphere as soil organic matter (OM) decays. The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of varying types and depths of tillage on microbial biomass, C content, and humification in the profile of a loamy-sandy soil in the Mugello valley, close to the Apennine Mountains, in Italy. Soil samples were collected to depths of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30 and 30–40 cm, in the ninth year following introduction of tillage practices. Highest content of all C forms examined (total, extractable and humified) was found at the 0–10 cm depth with minimum tillage (MT) and ripper subsoiling (RS) and at the 30–40 cm depth with conventional tillage (CT). Humified C decreased with depth in soils under MT and RS. None of the tillage systems showed any difference in total N and microbial biomass C in the upper depths, but concentrations were greater below 20 cm in soils subjected to CT, than other tillage systems. Crop production was similar in all tillage systems. Stratification and redistribution of nutrients were consistent with the well known effects of tillage reduction. Total organic C and its distribution in the profile depended on the tillage system employed. MT and RS can be regarded as excellent conservation tillage systems, because they also sequester C.     

Methods for evaluating human impact on soil microorganisms based on their activity,biomass, and diversity in agricultural soils

The present review is focused on microbiological methods used in agricultural soils accustomed to human disturbance. Recent developments in soil biology are analyzed with the aim of highlighting gaps in knowledge, unsolved research questions, and controversial results. Activity rates (basal respiration, N mineralization) and biomass are used as overall indices for assessing microbial functions in soil and can be supplemented by biomass ratios (C : N, C : P, and C : S) and eco‐physiological ratios (soil organic C : microbial‐biomass C, qCO₂, qN_min). The community structure can be characterized by functional groups of the soil microbial biomass such as fungi and bacteria, Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria, or by biotic diversity. Methodological aspects of soil microbial indices are assessed, such as sampling, pretreatment of samples, and conversion factors of data into biomass values. Microbial‐biomass C (µg (g soil)^–1) can be estimated by multiplying total PLFA (nmol (g soil)^–1) by the F_PLFA‐factor of 5.8 and DNA (µg (g soil)^–1) by the F_DNA‐factor of 6.0. In addition, the turnover of the soil microbial biomass is appreciated as a key process for maintaining nutrient cycles in soil. Examples are briefly presented that show the direction of human impact on soil microorganisms by the methods evaluated. These examples are taken from research on organic farming, reduced tillage, de‐intensification of land‐use management, degradation of peatland, slurry application, salinization, heavy‐metal contamination, lignite deposition, pesticide application, antibiotics, TNT, and genetically modified plants.