水稻(Oryza sativa L.)铝毒害与耐性机制及铝毒害的缓解作用

铝 (Al) 毒是广泛存在于热带亚热带地区酸性土壤上的主要的生产力限制因子之一。水稻Al毒害主要发生在新开垦的旱地酸性土壤上。本文较详细地总结了: (1) 水稻发生Al毒的环境条件,水稻Al毒害的可见症状和Al毒害的部位;(2) 水稻耐Al指标,营养元素的吸收与分配对水稻耐受Al毒害的影响,以及Al胁迫下根系分泌物、根际pH的变化等对水稻耐Al的贡献,水稻耐Al基因的定位等;(3) 水稻Al毒害的缓解作用机理及可能的解决措施。最后对水稻Al毒害和水稻耐Al机制研究中存在问题进行了分析探讨,同时对今后的研究作了展望。     

Influence of thigmic stress or chlormequat chloride on tomato morphology and elemental uptake

Root dry weight and leaf number were not affected by thigmic stress or chlormequat chloride. Shoot dry weight, shoot:root dry weight ratio, shoot height, leaf area, and root surface area were decreased by both thigmic stress and chlormequat chloride. However, root length was decreased and root radius increased only by chlormequat chloride. Total element uptake was decreased by both thigmic stress and chlormequat chloride. In the shoot and root, N was not affected, P was increased in the shoots, K decreased in the shoots but increased in the roots, and Mg decreased in the roots as a result of thigmic stress and chlormequat chloride. Whereas, Ca was decreased in the roots and Mg increased in the shoots by chlormequat chloride. The uptake of N, P, Ca, or Mg was not affected by thigmic stress or chlormequat chloride, however, K uptake per root surface area decreased. Thigmic stress decreased K in both the upper and lower stem but did not affect leaf concentration of K. However, chlormequat chloride decreased K in both the stem and leaves. Thigmic stress because of the role of K in cell elongation. Chemical name used: (2‐chloroethyl)trimethyl‐ammonium chloride (chlormequat chloride).     

4个核桃类树种苗木应对持续干旱的生理响应

采用自然干旱法,对引种栽培的美国黑核桃‘北加州黑核桃’和美国山核桃‘波尼’以及乡土核桃树种（漾濞大泡核桃和旺核2号）的2年生苗木进行干旱胁迫处理,测定其生理生化指标,对比分析其抗旱性。结果表明：(1) 4个树种的根系活力、叶片相对含水量、叶片水势和超氧化物歧化酶均随干旱胁迫的增强而呈下降的趋势,叶片相对电导率呈上升的趋势,叶片丙二醛含量呈先增加后下降最后上升的趋势,可溶性糖含量呈先增后减的趋势。（2）叶片可溶性糖含量在第14天时发生显著变化;根系活力在第17天时发生显著变化;叶片相对含水量和丙二醛含量以及超氧化物歧化酶活性在第19天时开始发生显著变化;叶片相对电导率、叶片水势均在第23天时发生显著变化。 (3) 4个树种的抗旱隶属值排序为：‘北加州黑核桃’>‘波尼’>‘旺核2号’>漾濞大泡核桃,说明引进种对干旱的适应性要高于乡土树种。     

水分胁迫对赤霞珠葡萄光合特性的影响

为了探究水分胁迫对赤霞珠葡萄光合特性的影响,以限根条件下3a生赤霞珠为材料,根据叶片的基础水势Ψb,结合时控仪实现全自动控制灌水,以叶片的基础水势Ψb,在0 MPa≥Ψb≥-0.2 MPa范围时,葡萄处于无水分胁迫(CK)为对照,分别设置3个水分胁迫水平(轻度水分胁迫T1,Ψb在-0.2 MPa≥Ψb≥-0.4 MPa范围内;中度水分胁迫T2,Ψb在-0.4 MPa≥Ψb≥-0.6 MPa范围内;重度水分胁迫T3处理,-0.6 MPa≥Ψb时),研究了不同程度水分胁迫对赤霞珠葡萄光合特性的影响。结果表明:水分胁迫能不同程度的抑制赤霞珠光合色素(叶绿素a,叶绿素b,类胡萝卜素和总的叶绿素含量)的合成,并促进其分解,最终导致光合色素含量降低。同时,水分胁迫导致赤霞珠葡萄净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及气孔导度(Gs)呈现下降的趋势,促使胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈现先下降后上升的趋势,但水分胁迫在一定程度上增加了水分利用效率。     

酸、Cd胁迫对宽叶雀稗种子萌发、幼苗生长及亚细胞结构的影响

为研究宽叶雀稗(Paspalum wettsteinii)对酸和Cd胁迫可能存在的特殊响应策略,以宽叶雀稗种子为试验材料,采用培养皿滤纸法,设置不同酸(pH为5.5、4.5、3.5)和Cd(5、10、20 mg·L-1)胁迫浓度,测定不同胁迫条件下宽叶雀稗种子萌发、幼苗生长及亚细胞结构等指标。结果表明:酸胁迫对宽叶雀稗种子发芽率具有促进作用,其中pH 4.5具有显著促进作用;pH 3.5处理对宽叶雀稗种子的发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、芽长和生物量等指标具有抑制作用,其他酸胁迫处理则与对照(纯水处理)无显著差异(P0.05);Cd胁迫条件下宽叶雀稗的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均与对照无显著差异(P0.05),活力指数、芽长、根长和生物量均随Cd胁迫浓度的增加呈显著降低趋势(P0.05);pH 3.5和10 mg·L-1Cd胁迫均会对根尖质膜和芽的亚细胞结构造成严重损伤,出现淀粉粒肿胀、断裂,细胞器解体和细胞空泡化等现象。研究表明,宽叶雀稗种子对酸和Cd胁迫有一定的耐性,轻度胁迫会促进种子萌发和幼苗生长。     

The Alleviating Effect of Elevated CO2 on Heat Stress Susceptibility of Two Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars

This study analysed the alleviating effect of elevated CO₂ on stress‐induced decreases in photosynthesis and changes in carbohydrate metabolism in two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) of different origin. The plants were grown in ambient (400 μl l^?1) and elevated (800 μl l^?1) CO₂ with a day/night temperature of 15/10 °C. At the growth stages of tillering, booting and anthesis, the plants were subjected to heat stress of 40 °C for three continuous days. Photosynthetic parameters, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (F_v/F_m) and contents of pigments and carbohydrates in leaves were analysed before and during the stress treatments as well as after 1 day of recovery. Heat stress reduced P_N and F_v/F_m in both wheat cultivars, but plants grown in elevated CO₂ maintained higher P_N and F_v/F_m in comparison with plants grown in ambient CO₂. Heat stress reduced leaf chlorophyll contents and increased leaf sucrose contents in both cultivars grown at ambient and elevated CO₂. The content of hexoses in the leaves increased mainly in the tolerant cultivar in response to the combination of elevated CO₂ and heat stress. The results show that heat stress tolerance in wheat is related to cultivar origin, the phenological stage of the plants and can be alleviated by elevated CO₂. This confirms the complex interrelation between environmental factors and genotypic traits that influence crop performance under various climatic stresses.     

四川盆地及盆周山区玉米地方种质耐低磷胁迫研究

以来自四川盆地及盆周山区的22个玉米地方种质为材料,在低磷胁迫下对苗期缺磷症状,成株期株高、穗行数、百粒重、行粒数以及穗粒重等性状表现进行了研究。结果表明,低磷胁迫对玉米的主要农艺、经济性状均有不同程度的影响,其中对苗期缺磷症状及成株期穗粒重的影响最大,且不同玉米地方种质在苗期和成株期对低磷胁迫的反应不同,以苗期缺磷症状和成株期穗粒重的耐低磷胁迫系数的平均值作为耐低磷综合指数,能较好地反映玉米地方种质的耐低磷胁迫能力。将耐低磷综合指数按最短距离法进行聚类,可将22个玉米地方种质划分为三类。其中,第一类材料包括:汉源红包谷、汉源白包谷、汶川二白、江北大板牙,占鉴定总数的18.2%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.81以上,属于对低磷胁迫不敏感基因型;第二类材料包括南充秋子等4个玉米地方种质,占鉴定总数的18.2%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.73~0.77之间,属于对低磷胁迫反应中间型;第三类材料包括小金金皇后等14个地方种质,占鉴定总数的63.6%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.73以下,属于对低磷胁迫敏感基因型。     

芽期NaCl胁迫下不同基因型芝麻的反应差异研究

通过芽期NaCl胁迫研究了不同浓度NaCl对芝麻种子成苗及幼苗生长的影响,分析了0.4%NaCl胁迫下不同基因型芝麻的反应差异。结果表明：（1） 0～0.4%的NaCl浓度对芝麻种子成苗率影响较小,在NaCl浓度为0.6%～0.8%时表现为成苗率下降;芽长和简易活力指数均随NaCl浓度的增加而不断下降;根长和苗鲜重则因品种不同表现有异,部分品种随NaCl浓度增加呈先升后降趋势,部分品种则表现为不断下降趋势,不同芝麻品种表现差异较大。（2） 所有参试品种在0.4%的NaCl浓度胁迫下在根长、芽长、苗鲜重、简易活力指数等测定指标上均表现出下降较为明显,认为0.4%的NaCl浓度胁迫可以作为芝麻种质资源耐盐性筛选鉴定的参考浓度。（3）聚类分析结果将39份种质资源明显聚为两类,即包含12份种质的耐盐类和包含27份种质的不耐盐类。（4） 参试的改良品种（系）与地方种质耐盐性差异不大,地方种质的耐盐性指标的多样性指数要大于改良品种（系）,即在NaCl胁迫下地方种质所表现的基因型差异要大于改良品种（系）。     

锌对汞胁迫下小麦种子萌发的影响

通过溶液培养研究了不同浓度锌(Zn)对汞(Hg)胁迫下小麦种子萌发率、芽长、根长以及萌发过程中α淀粉酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,单独Hg(15mg·L-1)胁迫下,小麦种子萌发率降低,根长与芽长受到抑制,α淀粉酶与过氧化氢酶活性降低,蛋白酶活性升高。加入10~100mg·L-1Zn后,种子萌发率未表现出明显变化,根长、芽长及α淀粉酶受抑制情况缓解,缓解程度随Zn浓度升高而下降,表明Zn可在一定程度上缓解Hg对小麦种子的毒害,但须在一定浓度范围内;10mg·L-1Zn减弱了Hg单独胁迫对小麦种子蛋白酶活性的促进作用,使其恢复至接近对照水平,20~100mg·L-1Zn则表现出对蛋白酶的抑制作用,使其活性低于对照水平,并且随Zn浓度升高呈下降趋势。Zn的加入对Hg单独胁迫下活性降低的过氧化氢酶未表现出缓解抑制的作用,反而进一步抑制了酶的活性,并且随着Zn浓度升高,抑制作用逐渐加强。因此,Zn的加入可在总体上缓解Hg胁迫对小麦种子萌发的影响,最适Zn浓度为10mg·L-1,但这种缓解作用只表现在部分方面。     

Relationship of blood corticosterone, immunoglobulin and haematological values in young crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) to water temperature, clutch of origin and body weight

Objective To examine whether sub-optimal temperature induced stress and immunosuppression in farmed saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) hatchlings. Design A clinico-pathological study. Animals A total of 140 hatchlings were used. Procedure Body weight and length, plasma corticosterone and immunoglobulin concentrations and total and differential white blood cell counts were measured in 140 hatchlings from five clutches divided between five water temperature treatment groups. Initially all groups were housed at 32°C for 10 weeks, then two groups (L, LC) were changed to low temperature (28°C) and two groups (H, HC) to high temperature (36°C), while one group (C) remained at 32°C. The LC and HC groups were maintained at these temperatures for 10 days, after which the water temperature of both groups was returned to 32°C. Blood samples were collected twice (at 6 and 9 weeks of age) before the initial temperature change, and at 10 days and 4 weeks after the initial temperature change (at 11.5 and 14 weeks of age). Results Except for an increase in plasma corticosterone in the HC group and a decrease in the L group when the temperature change was first introduced, changes in plasma corticosterone were not significant. There were no significant changes in immunoglobulin concentrations. There were, however, significant decreases in the total white cell and lymphocyte counts in the LC group after the temperature was decreased to 28°C, and an increase in these counts after water temperature was returned to 32°C. Clutch of origin had significant effects on body weight and length gains, and there were negative relationships between body weight and corticosterone concentrations and between body weight and immunoglobulin concentrations. Conclusions As haematological changes indicative of stress were not associated with significant changes in serum corticosterone, immunosuppression in young crocodiles may be independent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical axis.