Ecological and landscape effects on genetic distance in an assemblage of headwater fishes

Environmental divergence along hierarchically structured longitudinal gradients may constitute barriers to gene flow in river networks for headwater specialised species. While known, this phenomenon has not been well studied, especially with regard to degree of headwater specialisation. We examined six headwater species that differ in habitat specialisation to assess whether patterns of differentiation vary according to geographic or environmental distance. We also identified regional environmental or anthropogenically induced fragmentation effects by comparing within‐drainage patterns of genetic distance across replicate watersheds. We used a comparative modelling framework to determine whether isolation by distance or isolation by resistance of large river habitats was a better predictor of genetic distance across species. The influence of reservoir presence and regional network characteristics that may influence the hydrology and size of large river habitats were also assessed. Resistance effects from large rivers were closely related to headwater specialisation, with increased specialisation leading to increased resistance and loss of drainagewide population connectivity. These results affirm that dendritic networks naturally fragment headwater specialised species. Further isolation from anthropogenic fragmentation was detected in two of the six drainages, indicating interactions with system‐specific conditions. Landscape variables related to the hydrology of large rivers also affected genetic distance in predicted ways, supporting the importance of large rivers in genetically structuring headwater species in drainage networks.     

Allometric and ontogenetic patterns related to feeding of a neotropical fish, Satanoperca pappaterra (Perciformes, Cichlidae)

Abstract –  This study aims to analyse whether Satanoperca pappaterra changes its feeding habit throughout ontogenetic development, and whether morphological ontogenetic patterns are related to its feeding habit and food capture. We collected 258 individuals in the Cuiabá river basin (Brazil) for analyses. There was a weak relationship between diet and body size, as evidenced by size class and multivariate analyses, and niche breadth did not vary strongly during ontogenetic development. Eight morphometric variables were measured in each individual. We found an isometric relationship for mouth height and width, and for head length. We found positive allometry for snout length and body height in relation to body length, whereas this relationship for intestine length and eye diameter showed negative allometry. These results suggest that morphology and consequently diet vary weakly during ontogenetic development of S. pappaterra .     

响叶杨次生林树种多样性及生态位分析

以贵州省中部和东南部两地典型的响叶杨次生林样地为材料,对木本植物的多样性、生态位作了分析,结果表明:响叶杨次生林不同群落乔木层树种丰富度和多样性指数高度正相关,不同群落乔木层、灌木层的丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数差异分别达到显著或极显著;树种多样性受海拔、坡向、土壤性质影响,多样性与海拔呈负相关,南坡、硅铝质黄壤的多样性指数最大;响叶杨的生态位宽度最大,与林内其它树种的生态位重叠度相对较小,能与其它迹地先锋树种形成稳定的次生混交林群落.     

基于MaxEnt的南丹参在中国的潜在分布区预测及适生性分析

[目的]对南丹参在中国的潜在分布区进行预测,并对适生性进行分析。[方法]通过收集中草药南丹参的分布信息,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)与地理信息系统(ArcGIS),综合相关68项环境因子,分析南丹参在中国的分布信息。[结果]全国适合于南丹参分布的地区主要集中在湖南、江西、浙江和福建等地,其高适生区面积依次为湖南省(319.44 km2)、江西省(251.39 km2)、浙江省(122.92 km2)、福建省(62.5 km2);刀切法(Jackknife)分析显示,南丹参分布主要受到降水的影响。[结论]该研究结果为南丹参的野生资源利用及其他南丹参相关研究提供了一定技术手段和理论依据。     

内蒙古乌梁素海浮游植物优势种的生态位分析

为了摸清内蒙古乌梁素海浮游植物群落结构和物种间关系以及对环境资源的利用程度,2011年7月和2012年2月分别对乌梁素海浮游植物群落结构进行调查,在利用生态位理论的基础上,采用改进的Levins公式和Petraitis指数分析了内蒙古乌梁素海夏季和冬季优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠程度变化。结果显示,夏季湖中小空星藻(Coelastrum microporum)、栅藻(Scenedesmus mey)、小席藻(Phormidium tenu)和颤藻(Oscillatoria vauch)的生态位较宽,均大于3.6,而冬季的针杆藻(Synedra ehrenberg)和尾裸藻(Euglena caudata)的生态位较宽,均大于5.0。不同季节的生态位宽度显示,小空星藻、栅藻、小席藻和颤藻适合夏季生长环境,能充分利用湖泊周边环境资源;而针杆藻和尾裸藻在冬季更具有竞争能力。同物种在不同季节中的生态位重叠指数差异较大。生态响应速率分析结果表明,在夏季,除舟形藻(Navicula bory)的生长空间属衰退型外,其它优势种均处于发展状态,小席藻的发展空间最大,其次为螺旋藻(Spirulina princeps);在冬季,针杆藻、单鞭金藻(Monochrysis skuja)、卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata)处于衰退状态,其它优势种均处于发展状态,小席藻的发展空间仍最大。浮游植物优势种典范对应排序结果表明,小席藻和螺旋藻受温度影响最大;硅藻门的舟形藻与水体中环境因子的相关性较低,针杆藻受水体p H值影响最大,大部分浮游植物种类的适盐性较低,丰度随盐度增加而减少。     

卧龙巴朗山川滇高山栎灌丛主要木本植物种群生态位特征

以海拔梯度作为一维资源轴,以物种重要值作为生态位计测的状态指标,对卧龙自然保护区川滇高山栎灌丛主要木本植物的生态位特征进行研究。结果表明:川滇高山栎灌丛在整个资源位中占绝对优势;川滇高山栎、平枝栒子、臡妨⒏仕嗳鹣憔哂薪洗蟮纳豢矶龋?Bsw(Levins生态位宽度)值分别为0.5949,0.4524,0.5511和0.4516,其Ba(Hurlbert生态位宽度)值分别为0.9560,0.5703,0.7834和0.5711;物种的生态位宽度与重要值变异系数呈典型负相关;生态位宽度较大的2个种的相似性比例值较大,生态位宽度较小的2个种间也能产生较大的相似性比例;大部分种群的生态位相似性比例值为0～0.7,以0.4～0.6最多,共占全部种对的36.37%;具有生态位重叠的种对数共有112对,占总对数的84.85%,有39对的重叠值0.2,约占29.55%;生态位宽度大的种群之间一般能产生较大的重叠值,生态位宽度大的种群与生态位宽度小的种群也能产生较大的重叠值,而生态位宽度小的种群一般不会与生态位宽度大的种群间产生较大的重叠值;大于0.08的Lih(物种i与物种h的生态位重叠指数)和Lhi(物种h与物种i的生态位重叠指数)重叠值所占的比例分别为72.74%和65.16%,表明各种群对资源的共享趋势较为明显,川滇高山栎灌丛群落相对稳定。     

贵州喀斯特区野生葛藤群落主要种群生态位

通过对喀斯特区葛藤Pueraria lobata群落野外样地调查,分析其组成类型中16个优势种的生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例及生态位重叠.结果表明:①生态位宽度排在前6位的分别是葛藤,香叶树Lindera communis,竹叶椒Zanthoxylum planispinum,异叶鼠李Rhamnus heterophylla,粉枝莓Rubus bifioru,火棘Pyracantha fortuneana;②葛藤在喀斯特石漠化生境中的适应能力较强;③各种对的生态位相似比例为0～1不等,物种利用资源的相似程度差异较大;④16个种群间并未表现出显著的生态位完全重叠,各种群间利用资源的差异性显著,表明种群对资源的共享趋势并不明显,显示葛藤群落不稳定;⑤群落主要树种生态位重叠基本上是种群的生态位宽度越大,与其他种群的生态位重叠的机会越大,反之则越小.但在本研究发现,具有较大生态位宽度种群之间的生态位重叠值未必高.在喀斯特石漠化区,发展葛藤做饲料具有较大前景,但必须加大刈割等人工干扰措施,方能可持续发展.     

Competitive interactions between native and exotic salmonids: a combined field and laboratory demonstration

Abstract –  We studied the impact of two exotic salmonid species (brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss ) on native brown trout ( Salmo trutta fario ) habitat, growth and survival. Habitat selection and vertical distribution between young-of-the-year of the three species were examined in a stream aquarium under different sympatric and allopatric combinations. In addition, similar species combinations were introduced in a Pyrenean mountain stream (southwest France) in order to extend laboratory results to growth and apparent survival. Both laboratory and field results indicated that rainbow trout significantly affected native brown trout habitat selection and apparent survival. On the contrary, brown trout habitat, growth and apparent survival were hardly affected by brook trout. These results support the idea that rainbow trout negatively influence native brown trout, and that competition could influence the outcome of fish biological invasions in freshwater ecosystems.     

桂西南喀斯特山地木本植物群落种间关系及CCA排序

基于桂西南喀斯特山地木本植物群落11个样方(20 m×20 m)取样调查,运用生态位理论、种间关系原理、双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA)方法,探讨主要木本植物间的种间联结性和相关性及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:桂西南喀斯特山地木本植物群落中麻栎、枫香、蚬木占优势地位,罗伞树-鹅掌柴、九节-琴叶榕、澄广花-鱼骨木的生态位重叠度分别在3种木本植物群落中最大。麻栎次生林群落总体种间关系表现为不显著正关联,χ2检验统计显示正关联种对数有50对,负关联种对数有52对,无关联种对数有3对,正负关联比为0.96,检验显著率为6.67%。枫香次生林群落总体种间关系表现为不显著负关联,χ2检验统计显示正关联种对数有96对,负关联种对数有113对,无关联种对数有1对,正负关联比为0.85,检验显著率为8.10%。蚬木次生林群落总体种间关系表现为显著正关联,正关联种对数有19对,负关联种对数有17对,正负关联比为1.12,检验显著率为8.33%。CCA前瞻选择显示土壤pH值、全磷、坡向、土壤全钾、海拔是影响桂西南喀斯特山地木本植物群落物种组成与分布最重要的因子,总体上可以对76.95%的环境因子进行解释。物种间的正联结性越显著,其生态位重叠程度越高,反之,物种间的负联结性越显著,其生态位重叠程度则越低。      

麦田害虫与天敌群落动态变化研究

2008年3月15日至5月29日系统调查了冬小麦田害虫与天敌的种群数量动态,并利用相对丰富度、优势度指数、优势集中性指数、多样性指数和均匀度分析了害虫与天敌群落动态变化及时间生态位。结果表明:麦田昆虫群落组成较为丰富,由11目39科59种昆虫组成;优势种为麦长管蚜(Macrosiphum avenae)、麦圆叶爪螨(Penthaleus major)、龟纹瓢虫(Propylea japonica)和麦蚜茧蜂(Ephedrus plagiator)。群落的总个体数和丰富度随调查时间而变化;多样性指数与均匀度指数在小麦生长前期较低,中期和后期较高,两者变化规律基本一致,而优势集中性指数变化趋势与其相反。在害虫种群中以棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)种内竞争最为激烈,条斑叶蝉(Psammotettix striatus)的竞争最缓和;棉铃虫与麦长管蚜种间竞争最强,其次为麦圆叶爪螨与小麦叶蜂(Dolerus tritici)。在天敌种群中以七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata)种内竞争最为激烈,麦蚜茧蜂的种内竞争最为缓和;龟纹瓢虫分别与七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫(Leis axyridis)在时间维度上的竞争较为激烈,而麦蚜茧蜂分别与龟纹瓢虫、七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫的竞争比较缓和。从害虫种群与天敌种群之间的重叠值看,异色瓢虫和七星瓢虫对棉铃虫的控制作用较强,而麦蚜茧蜂和龟纹瓢虫则对麦田主要害虫麦长管蚜、条斑叶蝉和小麦潜叶蝇(Phytomyza nigra)等的跟随和控制作用均较强。